หมด as Exhaustive Completion

หมด presents exhaustive completion: the relevant resource is depleted, every member of a set is affected, or the whole contextual quantity has been used. น้ำหมด means the water has run out; ดื่มน้ำหมด means all the relevant water was drunk; นักเรียนกลับหมด can mean all the students have gone back. The word contributes a result or totality, not grammatical past tense.

หมด is neutral in conversation and writing. Formal sales notices may use จำหน่ายหมด (formal) “sold out,” but everyday ขายหมด and ของหมด express the same exhaustive core with ordinary vocabulary.

Three productive frames

FrameSubstitutionNatural resultExhausted domain
[resource/set] + หมดน้ำดื่ม / ตั๋ว / เวลาน้ำดื่มหมด / ตั๋วหมด / เวลาหมดavailable resource
action + [object] + หมดกินขนม / ใช้กระดาษ / ขายสินค้ากินขนมหมด / ใช้กระดาษหมด / ขายสินค้าหมดaffected object quantity
[plural subject] + action + หมดแขก + กลับ / ร้าน + ปิดแขกกลับหมด / ร้านปิดหมดparticipant set
property/result + หมดเสื้อผ้า + เปียก / อาหารทุกจาน + เย็นเสื้อผ้าเปียกหมด / อาหารทุกจานเย็นหมดall items or complete affected extent
lexical compoundอายุ / แรงหมดอายุ / หมดแรงvalidity or available energy

น้ำดื่มในตู้เย็นหมดแล้วค่ะ

nam duem nai tu yen mot laeo kha

The drinking water in the refrigerator has run out. (ordinary polite speech, female speaker; resource exhausted)

ลูกค้าคนสุดท้ายซื้อขนมหมดถาดครับ

luk kha khon sutthai sue khanom mot that khrap

The last customer bought the whole tray of sweets. (ordinary polite report, male speaker; object quantity exhausted)

หลังฝนตก เก้าอี้หน้าร้านเปียกหมดค่ะ

lang fon tok kao i na ran piak mot kha

After the rain, all the chairs in front of the shop were wet. (ordinary polite report, female speaker; whole chair set affected)

English distributes these meanings among run out, all, completely, and resultative constructions. Thai uses หมด after the relevant resource, event, or result to close the scale at zero remainder.

💡
Identify what has no remainder: a resource, the event's object, a participant set, or an affected property. That domain—not the nearest English word—determines what หมด scopes over.

หมด is stronger than แล้ว

Post-event แล้ว presents an event as attained and relevant. It does not by itself assert that every item or every portion was affected. Adding หมด explicitly closes that quantity.

แขกกินขนมแล้วค่ะ แต่ยังเหลืออีกหลายชิ้น

khaek kin khanom laeo kha tae yang luea ik lai chin

The guests have eaten some sweets, but several pieces remain. (ordinary polite report, female speaker; attained eating without exhaustion)

แขกกินขนมในจานหมดแล้วครับ

khaek kin khanom nai chan mot laeo khrap

The guests have eaten all the sweets on the plate. (ordinary polite report, male speaker; object set exhausted)

In the second clause, หมด supplies exhaustivity and แล้ว presents the resulting situation as attained/currently relevant. The order is event + หมด + แล้ว. Reversing it to กินแล้วหมด changes the structure and cannot serve as the neutral exhaustive-completion frame.

หมด, เสร็จ, จบ, and ครบ

These words answer different completion questions:

  • กินข้าวเสร็จ: the eating task or meal is finished; food may remain.
  • กินข้าวหมด: none of the relevant food remains.
  • อ่านหนังสือจบ: the reader reaches the text's endpoint.
  • อ่านหนังสือหมดทุกเล่ม: every book in the relevant set is read.
  • ส่งเอกสารครบ: all required documents/counts are present; ครบ measures fulfillment of a specified set.

ผมกินข้าวเสร็จแล้วครับ แต่ในจานยังเหลืออยู่

phom kin khao set laeo khrap tae nai chan yang luea yu

I've finished eating, but some food is still on the plate. (ordinary polite speech, male speaker; task completion without exhaustive consumption)

ฉันอ่านบทความจบแล้วหนึ่งเรื่อง แต่ที่เหลือยังอ่านไม่หมดค่ะ

chan an botkhwam chop laeo nueng rueang tae thi luea yang an mai mot kha

I've finished one article, but I haven't read the rest. (ordinary polite speech, female speaker; text endpoint versus set exhaustivity)

ผู้สมัครส่งเอกสารครบแล้วครับ

phu samak song ekkasan khrop laeo khrap

The applicant has submitted all the required documents. (ordinary polite workplace report, male speaker; required inventory fulfilled with ครบ)

The contrasts are lexical, not conjugational. The result-predicate page explains how Thai places result information after an action.

💡
Use เสร็จ for task completion, จบ for an inherent endpoint, ครบ for fulfillment of a required count, and หมด for zero remainder across a relevant domain.

Scope can target the object or the subject set

After a transitive event, หมด often exhausts the object: กินขนมหมด. After an intransitive predicate with a plural subject, it can quantify the participants: แขกกลับหมด “all the guests left.” With both a plural actor and plural object, context may not make scope sufficiently clear.

ร้านแถวนี้ปิดหมดแล้วครับ

ran thaeo ni pit mot laeo khrap

All the shops around here are closed now. (ordinary polite report, male speaker; shop set exhausted by the property)

พนักงานกลับหมดแล้วค่ะ เหลือแต่ผู้จัดการ

phanakngan klap mot laeo kha luea tae phu chatkan

All the employees have gone home; only the manager remains. (ordinary polite report, female speaker; subject set exhausted)

ลูกกินผลไม้หมดแล้วครับ

luk kin phonlamai mot laeo khrap

My child has eaten all the fruit. (ordinary polite report, male speaker; singular actor makes object scope clear)

If เด็ก refers to several children, the same short string can invite either “all the sweets” or “all the children,” depending on context. Use เด็กทุกคนกินขนมแล้ว for exhaustive subject scope, or name an object boundary such as กินขนมหมดถาด for exhaustive object scope. This ambiguity is real; word order alone does not always resolve it.

Event-type restrictions

หมด needs a bounded domain or scale: a finite stock, a participant group, a limited period, energy, validity, or an extent that can reach zero remainder. A generic activity has no natural exhaustive endpoint by itself.

บัตรเข้าชมรอบเย็นขายหมดภายในสิบนาทีค่ะ

bat khao chom rop yen khai mot phai nai sip nathi kha

Tickets for the evening session sold out within ten minutes. (ordinary polite report, female speaker; finite ticket stock)

พอเดินถึงยอดเขา ผมหมดแรงเลยครับ

pho doen thueng yot khao phom mot raeng loei khrap

By the time I reached the summit, I was completely out of energy. (ordinary polite narrative, male speaker; energy resource exhausted)

Bare เดินหมด cannot neutrally mean “finish walking,” because ordinary walking supplies no finite quantity. It becomes possible only when context provides a participant set—“everyone walked”—or a path/quantity whose whole extent is traversed. Thai requires the bounded domain to be recoverable.

Interaction with กำลัง, อยู่, and แล้ว

กำลังจะหมด views a resource just before exhaustion. กำลังหมด can present depletion as visibly unfolding, though speakers often name the shrinking remainder with ใกล้หมด “nearly gone.” Once zero remainder is reached, หมดแล้ว presents the new result.

หมึกพิมพ์กำลังจะหมดครับ เตรียมตลับใหม่ไว้ด้วย

muek phim kamlang cha mot khrap triam talap mai wai duai

The printer ink is about to run out; please have a new cartridge ready. (ordinary polite workplace warning, male speaker; imminent exhaustion)

ตอนนี้ของที่สั่งไว้หมดแล้วค่ะ ต้องรอรอบหน้า

ton ni khong thi sang wai mot laeo kha tong ro rop na

The items that were ordered are all gone now; we have to wait for the next batch. (ordinary polite service speech, female speaker; exhaustive result currently relevant)

Aspectual อยู่ normally describes what remains rather than combining after attained หมด: ยังเหลืออยู่. The sequence หมดอยู่ is not a neutral way to say “all gone”; use หมดแล้ว for the changed result or ยังไม่หมด while a remainder exists.

💡
Track the scale: กำลังจะหมด is before zero, ยังไม่หมด says zero has not been reached, and หมดแล้ว presents zero remainder as attained.

Time comes from context

หมด itself is not past. An exhausted state may be anchored yesterday, now, or in a projection.

เมื่อวานร้านนั้นขายอาหารหมดตั้งแต่บ่ายครับ

muea wan ran nan khai ahan mot tangtae bai khrap

Yesterday that shop sold out of food by the afternoon. (ordinary polite report, male speaker; past from เมื่อวาน)

หนังสือเดินทางของฉันจะหมดอายุเดือนหน้าค่ะ

nangsue doen thang khong chan cha mot ayu duean na kha

My passport will expire next month. (ordinary polite speech, female speaker; future validity endpoint)

The lexical compound หมดอายุ “expire” combines with prospective จะ; it is not a completed-past form. Likewise, a present stock report can be simply ของหมดค่ะ when the service situation anchors it now.

Negation and optionality

ยังไม่หมด means the resource or set is not exhausted yet. ใช้ไม่หมด often means someone could not or did not use all of a quantity, leaving a remainder. ไม่ได้ใช้ denies using it at all in the relevant situation.

สีในถังนี้ยังไม่หมดค่ะ เหลือทาได้อีกหนึ่งห้อง

si nai thang ni yang mai mot kha luea tha dai ik nueng hong

The paint in this bucket isn't gone yet; there is enough left for one more room. (ordinary polite speech, female speaker)

ผมใช้สีไม่หมดครับ เลยเก็บที่เหลือไว้

phom chai si mai mot khrap loei kep thi luea wai

I didn't use all the paint, so I saved what was left. (ordinary polite speech, male speaker; exhaustive result denied)

Omitting หมด removes the explicit zero-remainder claim. A numeral, ทุก, ทั้งหมด, or visible empty container may make totality inferable, but หมด asserts the exhaustive result directly.

Ordinary-polite dialogue

เค้กรสช็อกโกแลตหมดหรือยังคะ

khek rot chokkolaet mot rue yang kha

Is the chocolate cake sold out yet? (ordinary polite service question, female speaker)

ยังไม่หมดครับ เหลือสองชิ้นสุดท้าย

yang mai mot khrap luea song chin sutthai

Not yet. The last two pieces are left. (ordinary polite service reply, male speaker)

งั้นเอาเค้กที่เหลือทั้งหมดเลยค่ะ

ngan ao khek thi luea thangmot loei kha

Then I'll take all the remaining cake. (ordinary polite purchase, female speaker; entire remainder selected)

ได้ครับ เดี๋ยวผมใส่กล่องให้

dai khrap diao phom sai klong hai

Certainly. I'll box them for you. (ordinary polite service reply, male speaker)

Common Mistakes

1. Treating แล้ว as exhaustive by itself

❌ เด็กกินขนมแล้ว แปลว่าขนมไม่เหลือเลยค่ะ

Incorrect claim—แล้ว presents an attained event, but it does not necessarily exhaust the sweets.

✅ เด็กกินขนมในกล่องหมดแล้วค่ะ

dek kin khanom nai klong mot laeo kha

The child has eaten all the sweets in the box. (ordinary polite report, female speaker)

2. Using หมด for task completion without a quantity

❌ ผมทำรายงานหมดแล้วครับ

Ambiguous/wrong for the intended ‘the report task is finished’; หมด suggests all reports or all portions, not simply task completion.

✅ ผมทำรายงานประจำเดือนเสร็จแล้วครับ

phom tham raingan pracham duean set laeo khrap

I've finished the monthly report. (ordinary polite workplace speech, male speaker; task completion)

3. Putting หมด before the affected object

❌ ร้านขายหมดตั๋วรอบเช้าค่ะ

Incorrect neutral order—the finite ticket set belongs inside the event before exhaustive หมด.

✅ ร้านขายตั๋วรอบเช้าหมดแล้วค่ะ

ran khai tua rop chao mot laeo kha

The shop has sold all the morning-session tickets. (ordinary polite report, female speaker)

4. Confusing ‘did not use’ with ‘did not use all’

❌ เมื่อวานผมไม่ได้ใช้สีครับ แปลว่าสียังเหลือนิดหน่อย

Incorrect inference—ไม่ได้ใช้ denies using the paint; it does not specifically say that some was used and some remained.

✅ เมื่อวานผมใช้สีไม่หมดครับ ยังเหลือครึ่งถัง

muea wan phom chai si mai mot khrap yang luea khrueng thang

Yesterday I didn't use all the paint; half a bucket remains. (ordinary polite speech, male speaker)

Key Takeaways

  • หมด closes a contextually relevant resource, quantity, participant set, or affected extent at zero remainder.
  • แล้ว marks attainment/current relevance, เสร็จ completes a task, จบ reaches an inherent endpoint, ครบ fulfills a required count, and หมด asserts exhaustivity.
  • Scope may fall on an object or a plural subject; state the domain explicitly when both are plausible.
  • กำลังจะหมด, ยังไม่หมด, and หมดแล้ว locate the domain before, short of, and at exhaustion.
  • The word is invariant and combines with past, present, or future anchors; negation position distinguishes no event from incomplete exhaustion.

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