Todos los tiempos de un vistazo

This page is a one-stop reference. If you ever need to know what a Spanish tense is called, what it looks like, when it appears in your learning path, and what kind of meaning it carries — start here. We use the model verb hablar (to speak) throughout so you can compare the shapes of every tense without the noise of irregular forms. All tables include the vosotros form, which is mandatory in Spain.

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Spanish has two moods you actively conjugate (indicative and subjunctive), one mood that lives in fixed forms (imperative), and a handful of non-finite forms (infinitive, gerund, participle). Within each mood, tenses come in two flavors: simple (one word, e.g. hablo) and compound (auxiliary haber + past participle, e.g. he hablado).

The big map

MoodSimple tensesCompound tenses
Indicativepresente, pretérito, imperfecto, futuro, condicionalpretérito perfecto, pluscuamperfecto, pretérito anterior, futuro compuesto, condicional compuesto
Subjunctivepresente de subjuntivo, imperfecto de subjuntivo, futuro de subjuntivo (archaic)pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo, pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo, futuro compuesto de subjuntivo (archaic)
Imperativeimperativo afirmativo, imperativo negativo
Non-finiteinfinitivo, gerundio, participioinfinitivo compuesto, gerundio compuesto

That is the full inventory. The two archaic future-subjunctive forms (hablare, hubiere hablado) survive only in legal language and old proverbs and are not used in modern speech — most learners can safely ignore them until a C-level course.

Indicative — the world as you assert it

Presente de indicativo — A1

What is happening now, what is habitually true, scheduled near-future events.

yoél/ella/ustednosotrosvosotrosellos/ellas/ustedes
hablohablashablahablamoshabláishablan

Trabajo en una agencia de viajes desde hace cinco años.

I've been working at a travel agency for five years.

Pretérito perfecto simple (pretérito) — A2

Completed past events with no ongoing connection to the present. In Spain this contrasts sharply with the present perfect (see below).

yoélnosotrosvosotrosellos
habléhablastehablóhablamoshablasteishablaron

Ayer hablé con tu padre por teléfono.

I spoke with your father on the phone yesterday.

Pretérito imperfecto — A2

Background description in the past, habitual past actions, ongoing past states.

yoélnosotrosvosotrosellos
hablabahablabashablabahablábamoshablabaishablaban

De niño, hablaba con mi abuela todos los domingos.

As a child, I used to talk with my grandmother every Sunday.

Futuro simple — A2

Future predictions, conjectures about the present, promises.

yoélnosotrosvosotrosellos
hablaréhablaráshablaráhablaremoshablaréishablarán

Mañana hablaré con el director y te cuento.

I'll talk to the principal tomorrow and let you know.

Condicional simple — B1

Hypothetical actions, polite requests, future-in-the-past.

yoélnosotrosvosotrosellos
hablaríahablaríashablaríahablaríamoshablaríaishablarían

Yo hablaría con ella antes de tomar ninguna decisión.

I would talk to her before making any decision.

Pretérito perfecto compuesto — A2 (central in Spain)

Past events the speaker frames as connected to the present — today, this week, this year, ever in my life.

yoélnosotrosvosotrosellos
he habladohas habladoha habladohemos habladohabéis habladohan hablado

Esta mañana he hablado con tu hermana en el mercado.

This morning I spoke with your sister at the market.

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In Spain, the present perfect is the default past tense for anything that happened today or that the speaker mentally locates in a still-open time frame. Latin-American Spanish prefers the simple preterite in the same contexts.

Pluscuamperfecto — B1

A past event that happened before another past event.

yoélnosotrosvosotrosellos
había habladohabías habladohabía habladohabíamos habladohabíais habladohabían hablado

Cuando llegué a la oficina, ella ya había hablado con el cliente.

When I got to the office, she had already spoken with the client.

Pretérito anterior — C1 / literary only

Used in literary narration to mark an event immediately preceding another past event. Replaced in modern speech by the pluperfect or simple preterite.

yoélnosotrosvosotrosellos
hube habladohubiste habladohubo habladohubimos habladohubisteis habladohubieron hablado

Apenas hubo hablado el rey, todos se inclinaron. (literary)

As soon as the king had spoken, all bowed down.

Futuro compuesto — B1

A future event that will be completed before another future point, or a conjecture about a recent past event.

yoélnosotrosvosotrosellos
habré habladohabrás habladohabrá habladohabremos habladohabréis habladohabrán hablado

Para cuando llegues, ya habré hablado con todos.

By the time you arrive, I will have spoken with everyone.

Condicional compuesto — B1

A hypothetical past action: would have done.

yoélnosotrosvosotrosellos
habría habladohabrías habladohabría habladohabríamos habladohabríais habladohabrían hablado

Yo habría hablado con él si hubiera sabido lo que pasaba.

I would have spoken with him if I had known what was going on.

Subjunctive — the world as wished, doubted, or denied

Presente de subjuntivo — A2 / B1

Triggered by verbs of volition, influence, emotion, doubt, and after certain conjunctions.

yoélnosotrosvosotrosellos
hablehableshablehablemoshabléishablen

Quiero que hables con ella esta tarde.

I want you to talk to her this afternoon.

Imperfecto de subjuntivo — B1

Used after past-tense triggers, in unreal conditions (si tuviera), and in polite formulas.

yoélnosotrosvosotrosellos
hablara / hablasehablaras / hablaseshablara / hablasehabláramos / hablásemoshablarais / hablaseishablaran / hablasen

Me pidió que hablara más despacio.

She asked me to speak more slowly.

Both endings (-ra and -se) are interchangeable; the -ra set dominates in everyday speech in Spain, while -se sounds more formal or literary.

Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo — B1

Subjunctive equivalent of the present perfect.

yoélnosotrosvosotrosellos
haya habladohayas habladohaya habladohayamos habladohayáis habladohayan hablado

Me alegro de que hayas hablado con ellos.

I'm glad you've spoken with them.

Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo — B2

Used in counterfactual past conditions and after past-tense triggers about prior events.

yoélnosotrosvosotrosellos
hubiera/hubiese habladohubieras/hubieses habladohubiera/hubiese habladohubiéramos/hubiésemos habladohubierais/hubieseis habladohubieran/hubiesen hablado

Si hubieras hablado antes, lo habríamos solucionado.

If you had spoken up earlier, we'd have sorted it out.

Futuro de subjuntivo — archaic

Found in legal texts (el que vulnerare la ley) and frozen proverbs (donde fueres, haz lo que vieres). Not used in modern speech.

Imperative — the world commanded

Spanish has six imperative forms, three of which (tú, vosotros, nosotros) have a distinct affirmative shape; the negative imperative borrows from the present subjunctive across the board.

FormAffirmativeNegative
hablano hables
ustedhableno hable
nosotroshablemosno hablemos
vosotroshabladno habléis
ustedeshablenno hablen

Hablad más alto, por favor — no os oímos desde aquí.

Speak up, please — we can't hear you from here.

Non-finite forms — the verb without a subject

FormSimpleCompound
Infinitivohablarhaber hablado
Gerundiohablandohabiendo hablado
Participiohablado

The participle is also the building block of every compound tense — he hablado, había hablado, habré hablado all use the same hablado.

Después de haber hablado con el médico, me quedé más tranquila.

After speaking with the doctor, I felt more at ease.

Common Mistakes

❌ Yo hablé con ella esta mañana.

In peninsular Spanish, today still feels present-connected — use the present perfect, not the preterite.

✅ Yo he hablado con ella esta mañana.

I spoke with her this morning.

❌ Quiero que hablas con ella.

*Querer que* triggers the subjunctive, not the indicative.

✅ Quiero que hables con ella.

I want you to speak with her.

❌ Habléis más alto.

The *vosotros* affirmative imperative is *hablad*, not *habléis*. The subjunctive form is only for the negative.

✅ Hablad más alto. / No habléis tan alto.

Speak up. / Don't talk so loud.

❌ Si hablaba con él, lo solucionaríamos.

An unreal present condition needs the imperfect subjunctive, not the imperfect indicative.

✅ Si hablara con él, lo solucionaríamos.

If I spoke with him, we'd sort it out.

Key Takeaways

  • Spanish has roughly 17 active conjugated paradigms across three moods, plus a handful of non-finite forms.
  • Compound tenses are always haber
    • past participle — once you know that, you have already learned half of them.
  • In Spain the present perfect (he hablado) is the everyday past for events the speaker frames as connected to the present.
  • The -ra and -se imperfect subjunctive endings are interchangeable; -ra dominates in speech.
  • The future subjunctive and pretérito anterior are alive only in legal and literary registers.

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Related Topics

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