Japanese has hundreds of verb pairs built on one root: an 自動詞(じどうし, intransitive) that describes something happening by itself, and a matched 他動詞(たどうし, transitive) that describes someone doing it. English usually collapses the two into a single word — the door opens and I open the door both use "open" — but Japanese keeps them apart: ドアが開く(あく)versus ドアを開ける(あける). This page is the reference table: the common pairs, sorted by the morphological patterns that link them, plus the two endings that reliably flag which member is which.
If you want the why — how the choice encodes agency and blame, and why Japanese leans intransitive to soften responsibility — that is the 自動詞/他動詞 overview. Here we stay practical: which root maps to which valency, and how to tell at a glance.
The particle that flows from the pair
The single rule that makes this whole topic actionable: the pair determines the particle. An 自動詞 has no object, so its changing thing takes が; a 他動詞 acts on an object, which takes を.
- 自動詞 → が (ドアが開く — the door opens)
- 他動詞 → を (ドアを開ける — I open the door)
Mismatch the two — ×ドアを開く or ×ドアが開ける — and the sentence is broken.
風でドアが開いた。
kaze de doa ga aita
The door opened in the wind. (開く — intransitive, が)
暑いから、ちょっと窓を開けてくれる?
atsui kara, chotto mado o akete kureru?
It's hot — could you open the window a bit? (開ける — transitive, を)
The two tells that almost never fail
Most of the morphology is not fully predictable, but two endings are near-certain, and memorizing them alone lets you classify the majority of pairs on sight:
The genuinely hard cases are the -える (-eru) verbs, because -eru can be either member depending on the family: it is the transitive in 開ける but the intransitive in 割れる. So -eru alone tells you nothing — you have to look at what its partner looks like. The tables below sort the pairs exactly by that partnership.
Pattern A: -ある (intr) ↔ -える (tr)
The commonest family. The intransitive ends in -ある, the transitive swaps it for -える. Because of the -ある tell, the intransitive is obvious.
| 自動詞 (が) | 他動詞 (を) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 始まる(はじまる) | 始める(はじめる) | begin |
| 閉まる(しまる) | 閉める(しめる) | close, shut |
| 決まる(きまる) | 決める(きめる) | be decided / decide |
| 集まる(あつまる) | 集める(あつめる) | gather |
| 止まる(とまる) | 止める(とめる) | stop |
| 変わる(かわる) | 変える(かえる) | change |
| 見つかる(みつかる) | 見つける(みつける) | be found / find |
| 掛かる(かかる) | 掛ける(かける) | hang, hook, take (time) |
| 上がる(あがる) | 上げる(あげる) | go up / raise |
| 下がる(さがる) | 下げる(さげる) | go down / lower |
来月から新しいプロジェクトが始まる。
raigetsu kara atarashii purojekuto ga hajimaru
A new project starts next month. (始まる — intransitive)
そろそろ会議を始めましょうか。
sorosoro kaigi o hajimemashō ka
Shall we get the meeting started? (始める — transitive)
Pattern B: plain verb (intr) ↔ -ける (tr)
Here the intransitive is the short root (開く, 付く, 立つ, 入る) and the transitive lengthens to -ける/-てる/-れる. The transitive is the marked, longer member.
| 自動詞 (が) | 他動詞 (を) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 開く(あく) | 開ける(あける) | open |
| 付く(つく) | 付ける(つける) | attach / turn on |
| 立つ(たつ) | 立てる(たてる) | stand |
| 並ぶ(ならぶ) | 並べる(ならべる) | line up |
| 続く(つづく) | 続ける(つづける) | continue |
| 片付く(かたづく) | 片付ける(かたづける) | get tidy / tidy up |
| 届く(とどく) | 届ける(とどける) | arrive / deliver |
| 入る(はいる) | 入れる(いれる) | go in / put in |
荷物が無事に届いたら、連絡してね。
nimotsu ga buji ni todoitara, renraku shite ne
Let me know once the package arrives safely. (届く — intransitive)
この書類を明日までに部長に届けてください。
kono shorui o ashita made ni buchō ni todokete kudasai
Please deliver these documents to the department head by tomorrow. (届ける — transitive)
Pattern C: verb (intr) ↔ -す / -やす (tr)
The transitive ends in -す (or -やす). This is the "-す is transitive" tell in action — the intransitive can be -る or -える, but the -す member is always the one that takes を.
| 自動詞 (が) | 他動詞 (を) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 出る(でる) | 出す(だす) | come out / take out, send |
| 直る(なおる) | 直す(なおす) | be fixed / fix |
| 戻る(もどる) | 戻す(もどす) | return |
| 回る(まわる) | 回す(まわす) | spin, turn |
| 残る(のこる) | 残す(のこす) | remain / leave behind |
| 落ちる(おちる) | 落とす(おとす) | fall / drop |
| 起きる(おきる) | 起こす(おこす) | wake up / wake someone |
| 増える(ふえる) | 増やす(ふやす) | increase |
| 減る(へる) | 減らす(へらす) | decrease |
| 冷える(ひえる) | 冷やす(ひやす) | cool down |
ポケットから財布が落ちたよ。
poketto kara saifu ga ochita yo
Your wallet just fell out of your pocket. (落ちる — intransitive)
スマホを落として、画面を割ってしまった。
sumaho o otoshite, gamen o watte shimatta
I dropped my phone and cracked the screen. (落とす・割る — both transitive)
Pattern D: -れる (intr) ↔ short root (tr)
The mirror image of Pattern B: here the intransitive is the longer -れる form and the transitive is the short root. These are the breakage/removal verbs, and they trip people up because -れる looks like a potential form ("can be…") — but it is genuinely the intransitive here.
| 自動詞 (が) | 他動詞 (を) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 割れる(われる) | 割る(わる) | break, shatter |
| 切れる(きれる) | 切る(きる) | be cut / cut |
| 折れる(おれる) | 折る(おる) | snap |
| 取れる(とれる) | 取る(とる) | come off / take off |
| 破れる(やぶれる) | 破る(やぶる) | tear |
| 売れる(うれる) | 売る(うる) | sell (well) / sell |
お気に入りのシャツが破れちゃった。
o-kiniiri no shatsu ga yaburechatta
My favorite shirt got torn. (破れる — intransitive, no one blamed)
A few irregular pairs
Not every pair fits a clean template. These common ones share a meaning but not an obvious suffix, so learn them as units:
| 自動詞 (が) | 他動詞 (を) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 消える(きえる) | 消す(けす) | go out / put out, erase |
| 見える(みえる) | 見せる(みせる) | be visible / show |
| なくなる | なくす | disappear / lose |
寝る前に、ちゃんと電気を消してね。
neru mae ni, chanto denki o keshite ne
Make sure you turn off the light before bed. (消す — transitive)
あれ、さっきまであった鍵がなくなった。
are, sakki made atta kagi ga nakunatta
Huh, the key that was here a moment ago is gone. (なくなる — intransitive)
One reading trap: 開く has two readings
開く is read あく as the intransitive ("it opens," pairs with 開ける), but the same kanji is read ひらく for a verb that can be both intransitive and transitive ("open up" — a shop opens, or you open a book: 店が開く/本を開く). When you mean the plain-door "it opened by itself" pair, it is あく; when you mean "open up / unfold," it is ひらく. The あく/開ける pairing is the one this table is built on.
Common mistakes
1. Right meaning, wrong member + particle. If there is a doer, you need the transitive with を.
❌ 私がドアが開いた。
Wrong — 開く is intransitive and can't take a doer acting on を. With an agent, use 開ける: ドアを開けた.
✅ 私がドアを開けた。
watashi ga doa o aketa
I opened the door.
2. Putting を on an -ある intransitive. The -ある member never takes を.
❌ 先生が授業を始まった。
Wrong — 始まる is intransitive (-ある tell). For a doer, use the transitive 始める: 授業を始めた.
✅ 先生が授業を始めた。
sensei ga jugyō o hajimeta
The teacher started the class.
3. Using a transitive when nothing did it. If it happened by itself, reach for the intransitive with が.
❌ 急に電気を消えた。
Wrong — if the light went out on its own, use the intransitive 消える: 電気が消えた. 消す needs someone turning it off.
✅ 急に電気が消えた。
kyū ni denki ga kieta
The light suddenly went out.
4. Reading the -れる intransitive as a potential. 割れる is the intransitive "shatter," not "can break."
❌ 落としたら、コップが割ることができる。
Overcomplicated and wrong — the plain intransitive 割れる already means 'breaks/shatters': コップが割れる.
✅ 落としたら、コップが割れるよ。
otoshitara, koppu ga wareru yo
If you drop it, the cup will break.
Key takeaways
- Japanese pairs an 自動詞 (が, happens by itself) with a 他動詞 (を, someone does it) on one root: 開く/開ける, 出る/出す, 入る/入れる.
- Two tells rarely fail: -す is transitive, -ある (-aru) is intransitive.
- -える is ambiguous — transitive in 開ける, intransitive in 割れる — so read it against its partner, which the pattern tables above lay out.
- The verb picks the particle: が for the intransitive, を for the transitive; never mix them.
Now practice Japanese
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Start learning Japanese→Related Topics
- All Forms, All Classes: Master ChartN4 — The one-sheet everything reference — every major verb form (dictionary through causative-passive, volitional, conditional, imperative) down the side and 書く・食べる・する・来る across the top, so you can verify any form without hunting across pages.
- て-Form Auxiliaries & Aspect: TableN3 — The reference table of て-form auxiliaries and the aspect each adds — ている, てある, ておく, てしまう, ていく, てくる, てみる — plus why ている means 'is doing' with one verb and 'is in a state' with another.
- Common Verbs by Class: Quick ListN5 — A cheat-sheet that sorts high-frequency verbs into 五段 / 一段 / irregular so you can classify a verb before you conjugate it — with the -いる/-える 五段 traps flagged so you never write ×帰ない for 帰らない.