自動詞・他動詞 Pairs: Reference Table

Japanese has hundreds of verb pairs built on one root: an 自動詞(じどうし, intransitive) that describes something happening by itself, and a matched 他動詞(たどうし, transitive) that describes someone doing it. English usually collapses the two into a single word — the door opens and I open the door both use "open" — but Japanese keeps them apart: ドアが開く(あく)versus ドアを開ける(あける). This page is the reference table: the common pairs, sorted by the morphological patterns that link them, plus the two endings that reliably flag which member is which.

If you want the why — how the choice encodes agency and blame, and why Japanese leans intransitive to soften responsibility — that is the 自動詞/他動詞 overview. Here we stay practical: which root maps to which valency, and how to tell at a glance.

The particle that flows from the pair

The single rule that makes this whole topic actionable: the pair determines the particle. An 自動詞 has no object, so its changing thing takes ; a 他動詞 acts on an object, which takes .

  • 自動詞 → (ドアが開く — the door opens)
  • 他動詞 → (ドアを開ける — I open the door)

Mismatch the two — ×ドアを開く or ×ドアが開ける — and the sentence is broken.

風でドアが開いた。

kaze de doa ga aita

The door opened in the wind. (開く — intransitive, が)

暑いから、ちょっと窓を開けてくれる?

atsui kara, chotto mado o akete kureru?

It's hot — could you open the window a bit? (開ける — transitive, を)

The two tells that almost never fail

Most of the morphology is not fully predictable, but two endings are near-certain, and memorizing them alone lets you classify the majority of pairs on sight:

💡
An ending in -す is transitive. 出す・消す・直す・落とす・起こす・回す・増やす・冷やす — if a paired verb ends in -す, it is the 他動詞 (takes を). ②An ending in -ある (-aru) is intransitive. 始まる・閉まる・決まる・集まる・見つかる・助かる — the -ある member is the 自動詞 (takes が). Between these two anchors you can place most pairs without memorizing each one.

The genuinely hard cases are the -える (-eru) verbs, because -eru can be either member depending on the family: it is the transitive in 開ける but the intransitive in 割れる. So -eru alone tells you nothing — you have to look at what its partner looks like. The tables below sort the pairs exactly by that partnership.

Pattern A: -ある (intr) ↔ -える (tr)

The commonest family. The intransitive ends in -ある, the transitive swaps it for -える. Because of the -ある tell, the intransitive is obvious.

自動詞 (が)他動詞 (を)Meaning
始まる(はじまる)始める(はじめる)begin
閉まる(しまる)閉める(しめる)close, shut
決まる(きまる)決める(きめる)be decided / decide
集まる(あつまる)集める(あつめる)gather
止まる(とまる)止める(とめる)stop
変わる(かわる)変える(かえる)change
見つかる(みつかる)見つける(みつける)be found / find
掛かる(かかる)掛ける(かける)hang, hook, take (time)
上がる(あがる)上げる(あげる)go up / raise
下がる(さがる)下げる(さげる)go down / lower

来月から新しいプロジェクトが始まる。

raigetsu kara atarashii purojekuto ga hajimaru

A new project starts next month. (始まる — intransitive)

そろそろ会議を始めましょうか。

sorosoro kaigi o hajimemashō ka

Shall we get the meeting started? (始める — transitive)

Pattern B: plain verb (intr) ↔ -ける (tr)

Here the intransitive is the short root (開く, 付く, 立つ, 入る) and the transitive lengthens to -ける/-てる/-れる. The transitive is the marked, longer member.

自動詞 (が)他動詞 (を)Meaning
開く(あく)開ける(あける)open
付く(つく)付ける(つける)attach / turn on
立つ(たつ)立てる(たてる)stand
並ぶ(ならぶ)並べる(ならべる)line up
続く(つづく)続ける(つづける)continue
片付く(かたづく)片付ける(かたづける)get tidy / tidy up
届く(とどく)届ける(とどける)arrive / deliver
入る(はいる)入れる(いれる)go in / put in

荷物が無事に届いたら、連絡してね。

nimotsu ga buji ni todoitara, renraku shite ne

Let me know once the package arrives safely. (届く — intransitive)

この書類を明日までに部長に届けてください。

kono shorui o ashita made ni buchō ni todokete kudasai

Please deliver these documents to the department head by tomorrow. (届ける — transitive)

Pattern C: verb (intr) ↔ -す / -やす (tr)

The transitive ends in -す (or -やす). This is the "-す is transitive" tell in action — the intransitive can be -る or -える, but the -す member is always the one that takes を.

自動詞 (が)他動詞 (を)Meaning
出る(でる)出す(だす)come out / take out, send
直る(なおる)直す(なおす)be fixed / fix
戻る(もどる)戻す(もどす)return
回る(まわる)回す(まわす)spin, turn
残る(のこる)残す(のこす)remain / leave behind
落ちる(おちる)落とす(おとす)fall / drop
起きる(おきる)起こす(おこす)wake up / wake someone
増える(ふえる)増やす(ふやす)increase
減る(へる)減らす(へらす)decrease
冷える(ひえる)冷やす(ひやす)cool down

ポケットから財布が落ちたよ。

poketto kara saifu ga ochita yo

Your wallet just fell out of your pocket. (落ちる — intransitive)

スマホを落として、画面を割ってしまった。

sumaho o otoshite, gamen o watte shimatta

I dropped my phone and cracked the screen. (落とす・割る — both transitive)

Pattern D: -れる (intr) ↔ short root (tr)

The mirror image of Pattern B: here the intransitive is the longer -れる form and the transitive is the short root. These are the breakage/removal verbs, and they trip people up because -れる looks like a potential form ("can be…") — but it is genuinely the intransitive here.

自動詞 (が)他動詞 (を)Meaning
割れる(われる)割る(わる)break, shatter
切れる(きれる)切る(きる)be cut / cut
折れる(おれる)折る(おる)snap
取れる(とれる)取る(とる)come off / take off
破れる(やぶれる)破る(やぶる)tear
売れる(うれる)売る(うる)sell (well) / sell

お気に入りのシャツが破れちゃった。

o-kiniiri no shatsu ga yaburechatta

My favorite shirt got torn. (破れる — intransitive, no one blamed)

A few irregular pairs

Not every pair fits a clean template. These common ones share a meaning but not an obvious suffix, so learn them as units:

自動詞 (が)他動詞 (を)Meaning
消える(きえる)消す(けす)go out / put out, erase
見える(みえる)見せる(みせる)be visible / show
なくなるなくすdisappear / lose

寝る前に、ちゃんと電気を消してね。

neru mae ni, chanto denki o keshite ne

Make sure you turn off the light before bed. (消す — transitive)

あれ、さっきまであった鍵がなくなった。

are, sakki made atta kagi ga nakunatta

Huh, the key that was here a moment ago is gone. (なくなる — intransitive)

One reading trap: 開く has two readings

開く is read あく as the intransitive ("it opens," pairs with 開ける), but the same kanji is read ひらく for a verb that can be both intransitive and transitive ("open up" — a shop opens, or you open a book: 店が開く/本を開く). When you mean the plain-door "it opened by itself" pair, it is あく; when you mean "open up / unfold," it is ひらく. The あく/開ける pairing is the one this table is built on.

Common mistakes

1. Right meaning, wrong member + particle. If there is a doer, you need the transitive with を.

❌ 私がドアが開いた。

Wrong — 開く is intransitive and can't take a doer acting on を. With an agent, use 開ける: ドアを開けた.

✅ 私がドアを開けた。

watashi ga doa o aketa

I opened the door.

2. Putting を on an -ある intransitive. The -ある member never takes を.

❌ 先生が授業を始まった。

Wrong — 始まる is intransitive (-ある tell). For a doer, use the transitive 始める: 授業を始めた.

✅ 先生が授業を始めた。

sensei ga jugyō o hajimeta

The teacher started the class.

3. Using a transitive when nothing did it. If it happened by itself, reach for the intransitive with が.

❌ 急に電気を消えた。

Wrong — if the light went out on its own, use the intransitive 消える: 電気が消えた. 消す needs someone turning it off.

✅ 急に電気が消えた。

kyū ni denki ga kieta

The light suddenly went out.

4. Reading the -れる intransitive as a potential. 割れる is the intransitive "shatter," not "can break."

❌ 落としたら、コップが割ることができる。

Overcomplicated and wrong — the plain intransitive 割れる already means 'breaks/shatters': コップが割れる.

✅ 落としたら、コップが割れるよ。

otoshitara, koppu ga wareru yo

If you drop it, the cup will break.

Key takeaways

  • Japanese pairs an 自動詞 (が, happens by itself) with a 他動詞 (を, someone does it) on one root: 開く/開ける, 出る/出す, 入る/入れる.
  • Two tells rarely fail: -す is transitive, -ある (-aru) is intransitive.
  • -える is ambiguous — transitive in 開ける, intransitive in 割れる — so read it against its partner, which the pattern tables above lay out.
  • The verb picks the particle: が for the intransitive, を for the transitive; never mix them.

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Related Topics

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  • Common Verbs by Class: Quick ListN5A cheat-sheet that sorts high-frequency verbs into 五段 / 一段 / irregular so you can classify a verb before you conjugate it — with the -いる/-える 五段 traps flagged so you never write ×帰ない for 帰らない.