Before you can conjugate a Japanese verb, you have to know which of the three classes it belongs to — because 五段(ごだん), 一段(いちだん), and the irregulars each take endings differently. Get the class right and every form follows automatically; get it wrong and you produce shapes no one says (×帰ない for 帰らない). This page is the lookup: the common verbs you meet first, pre-sorted into their classes, with the notorious -いる/-える 五段 traps called out in their own list so they never fool you.
The whole system rests on two model verbs: 書く(かく)is 五段, 食べる(たべる)is 一段. Every regular verb copies one of these two. Pick the class, read down the matching column of the master chart, and you are done.
The 30-second class test
You almost never need to guess. Run a verb through these four questions in order and it self-classifies:
- Is it する or 来る(くる)? → irregular. (And every 〜する compound like 勉強する inherits する's shapes.)
- Does it end in a kana other than る — う・く・ぐ・す・つ・ぬ・ぶ・む? → 五段, always, no exceptions. 飲む, 書く, 話す, 待つ are all 五段.
- Does it end in る, with an -a / -u / -o vowel right before it (分かる, 作る, 乗る)? → 五段, always, no exceptions.
- Does it end in -いる or -える (食べる, 見る)? → usually 一段 — but this is the one place a small closed set of 五段 verbs hides. Check it against the trap list below.
Only question 4 is genuinely uncertain, and only for a handful of common verbs. The full reasoning behind steps 3 and 4 lives on 五段-る vs 一段-る; this page is the ready-made word list.
この漢字、どうやって書くの?
kono kanji, dō yatte kaku no?
How do you write this kanji? (書く — ends in く, so 五段)
毎晩、寝る前に少し本を読む。
maiban, neru mae ni sukoshi hon o yomu
Every night I read a little before bed. (読む — 五段; 寝る — 一段)
五段 verbs — sorted by ending
These are the verbs that end in a plain-vowel kana or in -a/-u/-o + る. This is the biggest class by far.
| Ending | Common verbs (kanji + reading) |
|---|---|
| -う | 買う(かう, buy)・会う(あう, meet)・使う(つかう, use)・言う(いう, say)・歌う(うたう, sing) |
| -く | 行く(いく, go)・書く(かく, write)・聞く(きく, listen)・歩く(あるく, walk)・働く(はたらく, work) |
| -ぐ | 泳ぐ(およぐ, swim)・急ぐ(いそぐ, hurry)・脱ぐ(ぬぐ, take off) |
| -す | 話す(はなす, speak)・貸す(かす, lend)・返す(かえす, return sth)・出す(だす, put out) |
| -つ | 待つ(まつ, wait)・持つ(もつ, hold)・立つ(たつ, stand) |
| -ぬ | 死ぬ(しぬ, die)— the only common -ぬ verb |
| -ぶ | 遊ぶ(あそぶ, play)・呼ぶ(よぶ, call)・飛ぶ(とぶ, fly)・運ぶ(はこぶ, carry) |
| -む | 読む(よむ, read)・飲む(のむ, drink)・住む(すむ, live)・休む(やすむ, rest) |
| -る (a/u/o vowel before る) | 分かる(わかる, understand)・作る(つくる, make)・乗る(のる, ride)・取る(とる, take)・売る(うる, sell)・座る(すわる, sit)・降る(ふる, fall/rain) |
ちょっと待って、今すぐ行く。
chotto matte, ima sugu iku
Hang on, I'm coming right now. (待つ・行く, both 五段)
週末は友達と海で泳ぐつもりです。
shūmatsu wa tomodachi to umi de oyogu tsumori desu
I'm planning to swim in the sea with friends this weekend. (泳ぐ — 五段)
一段 verbs
These end in -いる or -える, drop the final る, and add endings directly to the bare stem (食べる → 食べない, 食べます, 食べて). No sound changes ever — the easiest class to conjugate.
| Sub-type | Common verbs (kanji + reading) |
|---|---|
| -える | 食べる(たべる, eat)・寝る(ねる, sleep)・開ける(あける, open)・教える(おしえる, teach)・出る(でる, go out)・覚える(おぼえる, memorize)・忘れる(わすれる, forget)・入れる(いれる, put in) |
| -いる | 見る(みる, see)・起きる(おきる, get up)・着る(きる, wear)・借りる(かりる, borrow)・浴びる(あびる, bathe/shower)・降りる(おりる, get off)・できる(be able to)・いる(exist, animate) |
朝は六時に起きて、シャワーを浴びる。
asa wa rokuji ni okite, shawā o abiru
In the morning I get up at six and take a shower. (起きる・浴びる, both 一段)
明日、図書館で本を借りるつもりだ。
ashita, toshokan de hon o kariru tsumori da
I'm going to borrow a book at the library tomorrow. (借りる — 一段)
The irregulars — just two
Only する(do)and 来る(くる, come) are truly irregular, and every learner memorizes them whole. する drags along a huge family of 〜する compounds (勉強する, 予約する, 運転する) that all conjugate exactly like する. 来る's headache is that its single kanji 来 changes reading across the paradigm — 来る(くる), 来ます(きます), 来ない(こない).
田中さんは今日来ないみたいだよ。
tanaka-san wa kyō konai mitai da yo
Looks like Tanaka isn't coming today. (来る → 来ない, read konai)
週末、日本語を勉強するつもりです。
shūmatsu, nihongo o benkyō suru tsumori desu
I plan to study Japanese this weekend. (勉強する — a する compound)
The 五段 traps: verbs that look 一段 but aren't
Here is the one thing this page exists to protect you from. A verb ending in -いる or -える is usually 一段 — but a small, closed set of extremely common verbs end that way and are secretly 五段. If you misread one as 一段, every form comes out wrong: you get ×帰ない instead of 帰らない, ×切て instead of 切って, ×走ます instead of 走ります.
| Trap verb | Meaning | Negative (ない) | te-form |
|---|---|---|---|
| 帰る(かえる) | go home / return | 帰らない | 帰って |
| 要る(いる) | need | 要らない | 要って |
| 切る(きる) | cut | 切らない | 切って |
| 走る(はしる) | run | 走らない | 走って |
| 知る(しる) | know / find out | 知らない | 知って |
| 入る(はいる) | enter, go in | 入らない | 入って |
| 減る(へる) | decrease | 減らない | 減って |
| 滑る(すべる) | slip, slide | 滑らない | 滑って |
| 蹴る(ける) | kick | 蹴らない | 蹴って |
| 喋る(しゃべる) | chatter, talk | 喋らない | 喋って |
| 焦る(あせる) | be flustered / in a hurry | 焦らない | 焦って |
| 握る(にぎる) | grip, grasp | 握らない | 握って |
Notice that every te-form here is the doubling type (帰って, 切って), exactly like the ordinary 五段-る verb 取る → 取って — because these verbs are 五段. A real 一段 verb would give 開けて, 見て with no doubling.
今日は残業で、帰りが遅くなりそう。
kyō wa zangyō de, kaeri ga osoku narisō
I've got overtime today, so I'll probably get home late. (帰る is 五段: the stem is 帰り, not ×帰)
そんなに焦らないで、ゆっくりやろう。
sonna ni aseranai de, yukkuri yarō
Don't rush — let's take it slow. (焦る → 焦らない, 五段)
The minimal pairs that decide meaning
A few of the traps have a 一段 look-alike read exactly the same way, and the class is the only thing telling them apart:
| 五段 (trap) | 一段 (look-alike) |
|---|---|
| 切る(きる)cut → 切ります | 着る(きる)wear → 着ます |
| 帰る(かえる)go home → 帰ります | 変える(かえる)change → 変えます |
| 要る(いる)need → 要ります | いる exist (animate) → います |
Say 切ります and you mean "cut"; say 着ます and you mean "wear." The pronunciation of the dictionary form is identical (both きる), so the conjugation is what carries the meaning.
毎朝、着物を着て学校に行きます。
maiasa, kimono o kite gakkō ni ikimasu
Every morning I put on a kimono and go to school. (着る → 着て, 一段)
このハサミ、よく切れるね。紙を切ってみて。
kono hasami, yoku kireru ne. kami o kitte mite
These scissors cut really well. Try cutting the paper. (切る → 切って, 五段)
Common mistakes
1. Treating a 五段 trap as 一段. 帰る is 五段, so the negative is 帰らない, not ×帰ない.
❌ 今日は疲れたから、早く帰ない。
Wrong — 帰る is a 五段 trap; the negative keeps the -ら-: 帰らない.
✅ 今日は疲れたから、早く帰りたい。
kyō wa tsukareta kara, hayaku kaeritai
I'm tired today, so I want to go home early.
2. Confusing 切る (cut) and 着る (wear) because they sound the same. The class splits them: 切る is 五段 (切って), 着る is 一段 (着て).
❌ 寒いからコートを切ます。
Wrong verb — 切る means 'cut.' To 'wear,' use the 一段 verb 着る: 着ます.
✅ 寒いからコートを着ます。
samui kara kōto o kimasu
It's cold, so I'll put on a coat.
3. Giving a 五段 -む/-く verb a 一段 negative. 飲む is 五段; the negative is 飲まない (未然形), not ×飲みない.
❌ 私はお酒を飲みない。
Wrong — 飲む is 五段, so the negative is 飲まない, not the 一段-style 飲みない.
✅ 私はお酒を飲まない。
watashi wa o-sake o nomanai
I don't drink alcohol.
4. Assuming する compounds are their own class. 勉強する, 電話する, 運転する all conjugate exactly like する — no separate rules to learn.
❌ 明日、友達に電話しるつもりだ。
Wrong — 電話する follows する, so it's 電話する, never ×電話しる (a fake 一段).
✅ 明日、友達に電話するつもりだ。
ashita, tomodachi ni denwa suru tsumori da
I'm going to call my friend tomorrow.
Key takeaways
- Classify before you conjugate: 五段 copies 書く, 一段 copies 食べる, and only する・来る are irregular.
- Anything ending in う・く・ぐ・す・つ・ぬ・ぶ・む is 五段, always; anything with -a/-u/-o + る is 五段 too.
- -いる/-える verbs are usually 一段, but a closed set of ~15 (帰る・要る・切る・走る・知る・入る…) are secret 五段 traps — memorize them.
- The traps decide meaning in look-alike pairs: 切る (cut, 五段) vs 着る (wear, 一段); 帰る (go home, 五段) vs 変える (change, 一段).
Now practice Japanese
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Start learning Japanese→Related Topics
- Model Verbs by Class: IndexN5 — The one-stop lookup hub for the Regular Paradigms subgroup — a master table anchoring each verb ending to exactly one worked model verb (会う・書く・泳ぐ・話す・待つ・死ぬ・遊ぶ・読む・取る・食べる・する・来る), its class, and its te-form, with a link to each full paradigm page.
- る-Verbs: 五段 vs 一段 DiagnosisN4 — The definitive decision page for the nastiest ambiguity in Japanese conjugation — verbs ending in る that could be 五段 or 一段 — with the -iru/-eru heuristic, its famous godan exceptions (帰る・入る・走る・切る・知る・要る), and the one reliable negative-form test that settles every case.
- 五段 Verbs: Class OverviewN5 — The canonical paradigm reference for the 五段 (godan / Type-1 / consonant-stem) class — the nine dictionary endings and the single mechanism behind every form: sliding the final kana across the あ・い・う・え・お rows.