Chinese, Mandarin

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Persian, Dari

Persian, Western

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek, Modern

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Now let's learn how to make Turkish nouns plural by adding the suffix ler or lar to the end of the noun.
 Whether we should use ler or lar depends on the last vowel in the noun, as described
 in the table below.
 

 <table class="ui celled table">
 <thead>
			<tr>
				<th>If the last vowel is</th>
				<th>use ler</th>
				<th>If the last vowel is</th>
				<th>use lar</th>
			</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
			<tr>
				<td>e</td>
				<td>evler</td>
				<td>a</td>
				<td>akşamlar</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>i</td>
				<td>kişiler</td>
				<td>ı</td>
				<td>kadınlar</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>ö</td>
				<td>gözler</td>
				<td>o</td>
				<td>yollar</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>ü</td>
				<td>günler</td>
				<td>u</td>
				<td>gruplar</td>
			</tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

 
 The vowels at the left are called front vowels, because they are produced in the front of the mouth.
 The vowels at the right are called back vowels, because they are produced in the back of the mouth.
 

 
 This rule where you use an e after a front vowel and an a after a back vowel appears
 in many places in the Turkish language, and is called minor vowel harmony. In case you are wondering,
 there is indeed also a major vowel harmony, about which you will learn later.
 

 
 Since we don't always want to write ler or lar, from now on we will write lEr, with a capital E, to mean ler or lar.
 We will use this capital E in all future suffixes in which minor vowel harmony applies, to mean e or a.
 

 
 You will see in the next lessons that the use of the plural suffix is often optional, even when we refer to multiple entities.

Plural nouns and minor vowel harmony

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

NOUN - no vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

phrase

postposition

pronoun

sentence

Unknown

verb

VERB - ablative

VERB - accusative

VERB - auxiliary

VERB - dative

VERB - intransitive, non-passive

VERB - intransitive, passive

VERB - intransitive, reciprocal

VERB - intransitive, reflexive

VERB - locative

VERB - transitive, causative

VERB - transitive, non-causative

Counting to 10

Fruits

The days of the week

The months of the year

Demonstratives

Adjectives

Vegetables

Animals extended

Hello and goodbye

Colors

First degree family

Nouns and articles

Personal pronouns

The verb "to be"

There is and there are

The infinitive and the stem

The imperative and major vowel harmony

The present continuous

The locative case suffix

The accusative case suffix

The dative case suffix

Final consonant harmony

Negative verbs

Questions in the present continuous

Questions with the verb "to be"

The imperative

The imperative forms of yemek and demek

Different uses of the present continuous

Irregular verbs

The Turkish alphabet

The indefinite article and the number one

The negative form of "to be"

Question words

Meeting people

Conjunctions

Stress inside questions

Locative location pronouns

Dative and ablative location pronouns

Accusative and locative personal pronouns

The genitive case suffix

Genitive personal pronouns

Extended family

The possession suffix

Dative and ablative personal pronouns

Expressing possession with var and yok

Clothing

The head and related parts

Compound nouns

Body parts

Combining suffixes

Water and the possession suffix

Vowel elimination on suffixation

Location postpositions

Location postpositions 2

Extra vocabulary and expressions

The ablative case suffix

Wearing things

Demonstratives with case suffixes

Counting larger numbers

Using numbers and quantifiers

A bit much and more and less

Animals

Telling time

The instrumentative

The definite simple past

Food

Nuts

Countries

Traffic and directions

The weather

With and without

Nationalities

Home

Question	Answer
houses	evler
persons, people	kişiler
evening	akşam
evenings	akşamlar
night	gece
the nights	geceler
year	yıl
long years	uzun yıllar
promise	söz
the promises	sözler
children	çocuklar
roads	yollar
days	günler
cat	kedi
cats	kediler
dog	köpek
eyes	gözler
month	ay
months	aylar
women	kadınlar
museums	müzeler
fish	balıklar

Contributors