Turkish

Now let's learn how to make Turkish nouns plural by adding the suffix ler or lar to the end of the noun.
 Whether we should use ler or lar depends on the last vowel in the noun, as described
 in the table below.
 

 <table class="ui celled table">
 <thead>
			<tr>
				<th>If the last vowel is</th>
				<th>use ler</th>
				<th>If the last vowel is</th>
				<th>use lar</th>
			</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
			<tr>
				<td>e</td>
				<td>evler</td>
				<td>a</td>
				<td>haftalar</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>i</td>
				<td>kişiler</td>
				<td>ı</td>
				<td>yıllar</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>ö</td>
				<td>sözler</td>
				<td>o</td>
				<td>yollar</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>ü</td>
				<td>günler</td>
				<td>u</td>
				<td>gruplar</td>
			</tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

 
 The vowels at the left are called front vowels, because they are produced in the front of the mouth.
 The vowels at the right are called back vowels, because they are produced in the back of the mouth.
 

 
 This rule where you use an e after a front vowel and an a after a back vowel appears
 in many places in the Turkish language, and is called minor vowel harmony. In case you are wondering,
 there is indeed also a major vowel harmony, about which you will learn later.
 

 
 Since we don't always want to write ler or lar, from now on we will write lEr, with a capital E, to mean ler or lar.
 We will use this capital E in all future suffixes in which minor vowel harmony applies, to mean e or a.
 

 
 You will see in the next lessons that the use of the plural suffix is often optional, even when we refer to multiple entities.

Plural nouns and minor vowel harmony

noun

adjective

determiner

verb

adverb

postposition

interjection

conjunction

pronoun

sentence

phrase

Unknown

NOUN - vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

VERB - intransitive, passive

VERB - intransitive, non-passive

VERB - transitive, non-causative

VERB - transitive, causative

VERB - ablative

VERB - dative

VERB - locative

VERB - accusative

VERB - intransitive, reciprocal

VERB - intransitive, reflexive

VERB - auxiliary

Word	akşam
Meaning	evening
Part of speech	noun
Pronunciation
Course	Turkish
Lesson	Plural nouns and minor vowel harmony

Good evening.	İyi akşamlar.
evenings	akşamlar
this evening; tonight	bu akşam
dinner	akşam yemeği
What a pleasant evening.	Ne hoş bir akşam.
Cansu will arrive here in the evening.	Cansu akşam varır buraya.
Kamil does not come home some evenings.	Bazı akşamlar Kamil eve gelmez.
I might not come to the meeting that evening.	O akşam toplantıya gelmeyebilirim.
Return home in the evening not to let your dad get angry.	Akşam eve dön ki baban kızmasın.
I was going to cook tonight.	Bu akşam yemek yapacaktım.
Sunday night we had went to the cinema with my sister.^INFORMAL	Pazar akşamı ablam ile sinemaya gittiydik.
If my tooth hurts, I can't come to the match this evening.	Dişim ağrırsa akşamki maça gelemem.
in the evening, eveningtime	akşamleyin
Yesterday evening we ate a pineapple.	Dün akşam ananas yedik.
yesterday night	dün akşam

akşam

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Usages of akşam

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