Turkish

Now let's learn how to make Turkish nouns plural by adding the suffix ler or lar to the end of the noun.
 Whether we should use ler or lar depends on the last vowel in the noun, as described
 in the table below.
 

 <table class="ui celled table">
 <thead>
			<tr>
				<th>If the last vowel is</th>
				<th>use ler</th>
				<th>If the last vowel is</th>
				<th>use lar</th>
			</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
			<tr>
				<td>e</td>
				<td>evler</td>
				<td>a</td>
				<td>haftalar</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>i</td>
				<td>kişiler</td>
				<td>ı</td>
				<td>yıllar</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>ö</td>
				<td>sözler</td>
				<td>o</td>
				<td>yollar</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>ü</td>
				<td>günler</td>
				<td>u</td>
				<td>gruplar</td>
			</tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

 
 The vowels at the left are called front vowels, because they are produced in the front of the mouth.
 The vowels at the right are called back vowels, because they are produced in the back of the mouth.
 

 
 This rule where you use an e after a front vowel and an a after a back vowel appears
 in many places in the Turkish language, and is called minor vowel harmony. In case you are wondering,
 there is indeed also a major vowel harmony, about which you will learn later.
 

 
 Since we don't always want to write ler or lar, from now on we will write lEr, with a capital E, to mean ler or lar.
 We will use this capital E in all future suffixes in which minor vowel harmony applies, to mean e or a.
 

 
 You will see in the next lessons that the use of the plural suffix is often optional, even when we refer to multiple entities.

Plural nouns and minor vowel harmony

noun

adjective

determiner

verb

adverb

postposition

interjection

conjunction

pronoun

sentence

phrase

Unknown

NOUN - vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

VERB - intransitive, passive

VERB - intransitive, non-passive

VERB - transitive, non-causative

VERB - transitive, causative

VERB - ablative

VERB - dative

VERB - locative

VERB - accusative

VERB - intransitive, reciprocal

VERB - intransitive, reflexive

VERB - auxiliary

Word	köpek
Meaning	dog
Part of speech	noun
Pronunciation
Course	Turkish
Lesson	Plural nouns and minor vowel harmony

It is a dog.	(O) (bir) köpek.(O) (bir) köpek.
We are dogs.	(Biz) köpeğiz.(Biz) köpeğiz.
Those dogs are very big.	O köpekler çok büyük(ler).O köpekler çok büyük(ler).
There are dogs in the garden.	Bahçede köpekler var.
My dog is eating my neighbor's cat.	Köpeğim komşumun kedisini yiyor.
Some dogs are very small.	Bazı köpekler çok küçük.
He is selling his three dogs.	Üç köpeğini satıyor.
We give water to the dog everyday.	Her gün köpeğe su veririz.
The dogs are chasing each other.	Köpekler birbirlerini kovalıyorlar.
While our cat was sleeping in its bed, our dog was playing with its bone.	Kedimiz yatağında uyurken, köpeğimiz kemiğiyle oynuyordu.
Didn't the dogs have a thingie?	Köpeklerin şeyi yok muydu?
When the dog barked, Eylem got scared.	Köpek havlayınca Eylem korktu.
to walk the dog	köpeği gezdirmek
Walk the dog.	Köpeği gezdir.

Turkish - köpek

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Usages of köpek

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