Breakdown of Şerefe! Yıllığı okuduk ve kadeh kaldırdık.
ve
and
okumak
to read
yıllık
yearbook
kadeh
glass (for drinks)
Questions & Answers about Şerefe! Yıllığı okuduk ve kadeh kaldırdık.
Since the current lesson is about the '-dIk' participle, why are 'okuduk' and 'kaldırdık' translated as regular past tense verbs?
Because they are past tense verbs here! The past tense for 'we' uses -dI (past) + -k (we), creating a word that looks absolutely identical to the -dIk participle. Since you are studying participles, it is easy to spot -dIk and get confused, but you always have to rely on context. Here, they function as the main verbs: okuduk (we read) and kaldırdık (we raised).
What is the literal meaning of 'Şerefe'?
The base word is şeref, which means 'honor.' The -e at the end is the dative case suffix, meaning 'to' or 'towards'. So, you are literally saying 'to honor!' This is the standard Turkish equivalent for 'Cheers!' when making a toast.
Why does the word for yearbook, 'yıllık', change to 'yıllığı' here?
Because the yearbook is the specific object being read ('the' yearbook), it requires the accusative case suffix -ı. When you add a vowel suffix to a Turkish word ending in a hard k, the consonant mutates into a soft g (ğ) to make it easier to pronounce, giving us yıllığı.
Why isn't 'kadeh' (glass) in the accusative case like 'yıllığı'?