Learn Turkish: Kadın beyaz bir etek istiyor. - The woman wants a white skirt.

In Turkish, when you use an adjective with bir (a/an), the adjective almost always comes first. The pattern is Adjective + bir + Noun. So, 'a white skirt' becomes beyaz bir etek (literally 'white a skirt').

Why doesn't etek have a special case ending, since it is the object being wanted?

Because it is an indefinite object (she wants 'a' white skirt, not 'the' white skirt). In Turkish, only specific, definite objects get the accusative case ending. Since she just wants any white skirt, etek stays in its plain dictionary form.

The verb istiyor has the -iyor ending, which is usually like English '-ing'. Why is it translated as 'wants' instead of 'is wanting'?

Turkish uses the present continuous -iyor tense for verbs about feelings, desires, or states of mind (like wanting, loving, knowing). In English, we naturally translate these to the simple present ('wants') because saying 'is wanting' usually sounds unnatural.

How do we know Kadın means 'the woman' and not 'a woman'?

Turkish does not have a separate word for 'the'. When a plain noun like kadın is the subject of the sentence, context tells us it means 'the woman'. If the sentence meant 'a woman', it would be written as Bir kadın.