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### Single-Syllable Verbs in the Aorist

The aorist (simple present) tense describes universal truths and habits, making it perfect for natural laws and kitchen science.

When a verb stem ends in a consonant and has exactly **one syllable**, you usually form the aorist by adding **-ar** or **-er** to the root.

This follows two-way vowel harmony:
- For back vowels (**a, ı, o, u**), add **-ar**.
- For front vowels (**e, i, ö, ü**), add **-er**.

| Infinitive | Verb Stem | Aorist |
| --- | --- | --- |
| donmak (to freeze) | don | donar (freezes) |
| pişmek (to cook) | piş | pişer (cooks) |

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### Actions and Reactions

The aorist is excellent for describing how materials naturally behave—like how quickly milk overflows or at what temperature meat burns. Verbs like **yanmak** (to burn), **taşmak** (to overflow), and **dökmek** (to pour) all follow this rule.

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### More Elements and Senses

Whether you are talking about liquids flowing, heavy objects sinking, or fresh food smelling great, use the **-ar** / **-er** suffix for these short verbs. Notice how **akmak** (to flow) takes a back vowel to become **akar**, while **süzmek** (to strain) takes a front vowel to become **süzer**.

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Simple present for short words (-Ar)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
to freeze	donmak
When does water freeze?	Su ne zaman donar?
Water freezes in very cold weather.	Su çok soğuk havada donar.
to cook (intransitive)	pişmek
The meat cooks very slowly in the oven.	Et fırında çok yavaş pişer.
pot	tencere
The soup cooks well in the small pot.	Çorba küçük tencerede iyi pişer.
to burn	yanmak
The oven is very hot, the meat burns.	Fırın çok sıcak, et yanar.
In a bad oven, the cake burns.	Kötü fırında pasta yanar.
to overflow	taşmak
Milk overflows quickly from the pot.	Süt tencereden çabuk taşar.
to pour	dökmek
Where does he pour the water?	Suyu nereye döker?
bowl	kase
The man pours the hot water into the bowl and the water overflows.	Adam sıcak suyu kaseye döker ve su taşar.
to strain	süzmek
What does she strain?	Neyi süzer?
The woman strains the hot milk into the bowl.	Kadın sıcak sütü kaseye süzer.
steam	buhar
Steam comes out of very hot water.	Çok sıcak sudan buhar çıkar.
When does steam come out?	Buhar ne zaman çıkar?
to flow	akmak
The river flows slowly in the forest.	Nehir ormanın içinde yavaş akar.
to sink	batmak
The heavy stone sinks immediately in the water.	Ağır taş suyun içinde hemen batar.
to smell	kokmak
Fresh coffee smells wonderful every morning.	Taze kahve her sabah harika kokar.
The water flows under the ice.	Su buzun altında akar.
The small spoon sinks in the milk.	Küçük kaşık sütün içinde batar.
Is this soup hot? Hot soup smells very good.	Bu çorba sıcak mı? Sıcak çorba çok güzel kokar.