Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

### Object relative clauses (-dığı / -diği)

To describe a noun that is the *object* of an action—like "the movie that I watched" or "the meal that he cooked"—Turkish uses the object relative participle.

To form it, add the suffix **-dık**, **-dik**, **-duk**, or **-dük** (following vowel harmony) to the verb stem, followed by a possessive ending to show *who* performs the action. Because possessive endings start with a vowel, the **k** in the suffix almost always mutates to **ğ**.

| Person | Verb Stem | Participle | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| I | oku- | okuduğum | that I read |
| you (sg.) | yaz- | yazdığın | that you write |
| he/she/it | izle- | izlediği | that he/she/it watches |
| we | git- | gittiğimiz | that we go |
| you (pl.) | ver- | verdiğiniz | that you give |
| they | yap- | yaptıkları | that they make/do |

*Note:* Verbs ending in a voiceless consonant (like **t** or **p**) will change the first letter of the suffix to **t** (e.g., *gittiğimiz*, *yaptıkları*). For the "they" form, the suffix is followed by **-ları / -leri**; since this does not start with a vowel, the **k** does not mutate.

{{item:801905}}

{{item:801926}}

### Giving reviews and recommendations

When writing a review, place the participle directly before the noun it describes. This allows you to easily evaluate the service or portion size that you experienced.

{{item:801912}}

{{item:801909}}

{{item:801907}}

### Naming the subject

If you want to explicitly name the person or thing doing the action (like "the cook" or "they"), the sentence behaves like a genitive-possessive phrase. The subject takes the genitive suffix (like *aşçının*), and the participle takes the matching possessive suffix.

{{item:801915}}

{{item:801922}}

{{item:801921}}

Object relative clauses (-dığı / -diği)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
review / comment	yorum
The review that I read yesterday was very funny.	Dün okuduğum yorum çok komikti.
definitely	kesinlikle
This is definitely a restaurant that I recommend.	Bu, kesinlikle tavsiye ettiğim bir lokanta.
rating / score / points	puan
The rating that I gave to this movie is only two.	Bu filme verdiğim puan sadece iki.
service	hizmet
I am not pleased at all with the service that we received at the hotel.	Otelde aldığımız hizmetten hiç memnun değilim.
cook	aşçı
perfect	mükemmel
The fish that the cook cooked was perfect.	Aşçının pişirdiği balık mükemmeldi.
portion	porsiyon
average	ortalama
The portion that we ate was very small, therefore my rating is average.	Yediğimiz porsiyon çok küçüktü, bu yüzden puanım ortalama.
atmosphere	atmosfer
The atmosphere of the restaurant that we went to was definitely great.	Gittiğimiz lokantanın atmosferi kesinlikle harikaydı.
The service that they provided is very slow, therefore we are not pleased.	Verdikleri hizmet çok yavaş, bu yüzden memnun değiliz.
The cake that the cook made is perfect, let's get one more.	Aşçının yaptığı pasta mükemmel, hadi bir tane daha alalım.
This was the smallest portion that I saw.	Gördüğüm en küçük porsiyon buydu.
Nobody read the review that you wrote yesterday.	Dün yazdığın yorumu kimse okumadı.
The atmosphere of this restaurant is something that I do not like at all.	Bu lokantanın atmosferi hiç beğenmediğim bir şey.
The movie that I watched yesterday is average.	Dün izlediğim film ortalama.
quite, rather	oldukça
This restaurant is quite expensive, but the service is perfect.	Bu lokanta oldukça pahalı ama hizmet mükemmel.
The portions are quite big, and the prices are normal too.	Porsiyonlar oldukça büyük, fiyatlar da normal.
The cook is quite young but very successful.	Aşçı oldukça genç ama çok başarılı.