Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

### The Adverbial Suffix `-cA`

The suffix **`-cA`** adapts to words through vowel harmony and consonant mutation, taking the forms `-ca`, `-ce`, `-ça`, or `-çe`. It is a versatile tool used to express both collective group actions and massive extents.

### Collective Action

When attached directly to a noun representing a group of people, the suffix implies that the group is performing the action together, as a unified whole.

- **aile** (family) + **-ce** = **ailece** (as a family)
- **millet** (nation) + **-çe** = **milletçe** (as a nation)

{{item:860310}}

### Massive Quantities and Long Durations

To emphasize an impressively large amount or a very long time, attach `-cA` immediately after the plural suffix **`-lAr`**, creating the compound suffix **`-larca`** or **`-lerce`**.

- Added to time words, it translates to "for [units]" (e.g., *asırlarca* for centuries, *günlerce* for days).
- Added to numbers or measurements, it translates to "thousands of", "tons of", or "kilometers of".

{{item:860308}}

{{item:860312}}

{{item:860320}}

### Emphasizing Volume and Capacity

This same `-lArcA` structure is frequently used with weights, volumes, and containers to express the sheer scale of materials, such as "tons of tomatoes", "jars of sauce", or "hectares of land".

{{item:860319}}

{{item:860331}}

{{item:860333}}

Extent and collective action (-lArcA / -cA)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
century	asır
nation	millet
We lived peacefully in these lands as a nation for centuries.	Asırlarca bu topraklarda milletçe huzur içinde yaşadık.
carnival	karnaval
We attended the carnival as a family in July.	Temmuz ayında karnavala ailece katıldık.
influx / rush (of people or things)	akın
Because of the influx of tourists, kilometers of queues formed on the road.	Turist akını yüzünden yolda kilometrelerce kuyruk oluştu.
festivity / festival (local celebration)	şenlik
I waited for hours at the festivity area as patiently as you.	Şenlik alanında saatlerce senin kadar sabırlı bekledim.
stampede / crush	izdiham
A crush occurred at the concert entrance, and thousands of people were scared.	Konser girişinde izdiham çıktı ve binlerce kişi korktu.
metric ton	ton
jar	kavanoz
They made jars of sauce with tons of tomatoes at the factory.	Fabrikada tonlarca domates ile kavanozlarca sos yaptılar.
The trucks carried bricks to the construction site for days.	Kamyonlar şantiyeye günlerce tuğla taşıdı.
You just keep singing to yourself; thousands of spectators are coming to the festivity in droves.	Sen kendi kendine şarkı söyleyedur, binlerce seyirci şenliğe akın akın geliyor.
Our ancestors had fun at this carnival for centuries.	Atalarımız asırlarca bu karnavalda eğlenmiş.
A huge stampede broke out at the stadium, and people ran kilometers away.	Stadyumda büyük bir izdiham çıktı ve insanlar kilometrelerce uzağa kaçtı.
barrel	varil
You all keep selling jars of honey and barrels of oil at the wholesaler.	Siz toptancıda kavanozlarca bal ve varillerce yağ satadurun.
As a nation, we sent tons of waste to recycling.	Milletçe tonlarca atığı geri dönüşüme gönderdik.
The workers stored barrels of oil in the warehouse.	İşçiler depoda varillerce yağ depoladı.
nation	ulus
As a nation, we will celebrate this success that will inspire us.	Bize ilham verecek bu başarıyı ulusça kutlayacağız.
hectare	hektar
The burning of hectares of forest saddened us a lot.	Hektarlarca ormanın yanışı bizi çok üzdü.
container	konteyner
Fortunately, they brought containers of items to the port.	İyi ki konteynerlerce eşyayı limana getirdiler.
We will overcome this difficulty as a nation, just be patient.	Biz bu zorluğu ulusça aşarız, yeter ki sen sabret.
They had hectares of land cleaned for the new project.	Yeni proje için hektarlarca araziyi temizlettirdiler.
Container-loads of cargo are waiting at the port.	Limanda konteynerlerce yük bekliyor.