Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

In English, we describe equipment by what it does or what we can do to it using words ending in "-ing" or "-able"—like a *folding* chair or a *removable* lens. Turkish expresses this habitual function or built-in capability using the aorist (habitual) participle.

### The Aorist Participle Suffix (-(A/I)r)

To turn a verb into an adjective that describes an object's function, attach the aorist suffix to the verb stem. Depending on the stem's final sound and syllable count, this suffix takes the form of *-r*, *-ar*, *-er*, *-ır*, *-ir*, *-ur*, or *-ür*.

For example, from the verb *dönmek* (to turn/rotate), we get the adjective *döner* (rotating). From *katlanmak* (to fold up), we get *katlanır* (folding/foldable).

{{item:832711}}

{{item:832714}}

### Passive Stems and "-able" Features

This structure is frequently paired with passive verb stems to describe something that *can be* manipulated, working exactly like the English suffix "-able". 

If we take a passive verb like *çıkarılmak* (to be removed) or *ayarlanmak* (to be adjusted) and add the aorist suffix, we create adjectives perfect for describing specialized, modular equipment.

{{item:832718}}

{{item:832721}}

### Using Participles in Context

Once formed, these aorist participles act just like standard adjectives. They sit directly before the noun (or before *bir* if the noun is indefinite). If the noun takes plural or case suffixes, the adjective remains completely unchanged.

{{item:832724}}

{{item:832728}}

Affirmative aorist adjectives (-(A/I)r)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
mechanism	mekanizma
to turn, to rotate	dönmek
gear (cogwheel)	çark
This mechanism works with a rotating gear.	Bu mekanizma döner bir çarkla çalışıyor.
to fold up, to be folded	katlanmak
tripod	tripod
I carry a folding tripod while in the forest.	Ormandayken katlanır bir tripod taşıyorum.
magnifying glass	büyüteç
to be removed	çıkarılmak
lens	mercek
The magnifying glass includes a removable lens.	Büyüteç çıkarılır bir mercek içeriyor.
to be adjusted	ayarlanmak
strap	kayış
The adjustable strap of the binoculars looks spotlessly clean.	Dürbünün ayarlanır kayışı tertemiz görünüyor.
screw	vida
We use a small screw to adjust the rotating gear.	Biz döner çarkı ayarlamak için küçük bir vida kullanıyoruz.
Folding devices always have a complex mechanism.	Katlanır cihazlar her zaman karmaşık bir mekanizmaya sahiptir.
They are not cleaning the removable lenses.	Onlar çıkarılır mercekleri temizlemiyor.
I am looking for a long strap for this magnifying glass.	Bu büyüteç için uzun bir kayış arıyorum.
The screws of the adjustable tripod are rusting.	Ayarlanır tripodun vidaları paslanıyor.
When old, a folding magnifying glass is very useful for reading.	Yaşlıyken katlanır bir büyüteç okumak için çok faydalıdır.