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### Getting Attention

To politely get someone's attention, use **ursäkta** (excuse me).

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### The Imperative Mood

Use the **imperative** (the verb stem) to give commands and directions. Form it in one of three ways:

- **Short verbs:** Identical to the infinitive (e.g., **gå**).
- **Drop the final -a:** For many standard verbs, remove the **-a** from the infinitive (e.g., *svänga* → **sväng**, *stänga* → **stäng**).
- **Keep the final -a:** For other verbs, the imperative stays identical to the infinitive (e.g., **öppna**, **vänta**).

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### Polite Requests

Commands can sound direct. To soften an instruction into a request, add **snälla** (please).

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The imperative mood

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite ending (barnet, hunden)

Indefinite articles and -ar verbs (en, ett)

Basic word order

Singular adjectives (stor, stort)

Plural adjectives (-a)

Sentence negation (inte)

Yes/No questions

Basic question words (vad, vem, var)

Regular Group 2 verbs (-er)

Short verbs and irregulars (har, gör)

The infinitive marker (att)

Modal verbs (kan, vill, måste, får)

Future intention (ska)

Time adverbs (imorgon, igår)

Word order inversion

Adverbs of frequency (ibland, aldrig)

Everyday things (dörren, stolen, tåget)

Definite suffix spelling changes

Plural nouns Group 1 and 2 (-or, -ar)

Plural nouns Group 3 (-er, -r)

Neuter indefinite plurals

Definite plural suffixes (-na, -a, -en)

Object pronouns (mig, dig, oss)

Reflexive pronouns (sig)

Expanded question words (när, varför)

Which and what (vilken, vilket, vilka)

Coordinating conjunctions (men, eller, för)

Prepositions of place (i, på, till, från)

Quantifiers (mycket, många)

Indefinite pronouns (någon, något, några)

First and second person possessives (min, din, vår, er)

Third person possessives (hans, hennes, dess, deras)

Reflexive possessives (sin, sitt, sina)

The genitive (-s)

Adjectives before singular nouns

Adjectives before plural nouns (-a)

Double definiteness (den, det, de)

Demonstratives (den här, det här, de här)

Past tense of vara and ha (var, hade)

Possessives for names (-s)

Definite plural adjectives (de ... -a)

Genitive case for names (-s)

Numbers 1 to 10 (en, två, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (elva till tjugo)

Counting by tens to 100 (trettio, fyrtio...)

Days of the week (måndag, tisdag...)

Months of the year (januari, februari...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (första, andra...)

Greetings and politeness (hej, tack, förlåt)

Particle verbs of direction (gå ut, komma in)

Simple past: Group 1 (-ade)

Simple past: Group 2a (-de)

Simple past: Group 2b (-te)

Simple past: Group 3 (-dde)

Simple past: Group 4

Present perfect: Groups 1 and 2 (har)

Present perfect: Groups 3 and 4

Past perfect (hade)

Future predictions (kommer att)

Future with present tense

The adjective small (liten, litet, små)

Demonstratives of distance (den där, det där, de där)

Negative pronouns (ingen, inget, inga)

Universal pronouns (all, allt, alla)

The generic pronoun (man, en)

Possessive generic pronoun (ens)

Reciprocal pronoun (varandra)

Qualitative pronouns (sådan, sådant, sådana)

Habitual time expressions (på)

Specific past time expressions (i)

Past time expressions (för ... sedan)

Future time expressions (om)

Location and motion adverbs (här/hit, där/dit)

Consequences (så)

Correlative conjunctions (både ... och)

Either and neither (antingen ... eller, varken ... eller)

Verbs of opinion and belief (tycker, tror, tänker)

Subordinate clauses (att, om)

Time clauses (när, innan, medan)

Clauses of cause (eftersom, därför att)

Negation in subordinate clauses (inte)

V2 word order inversion

Relative clauses as subjects (som)

Relative clauses as objects (som)

Relative clauses for places (där)

Adverbs from adjectives (-t)

Adjective comparative and superlative (-are, -ast)

Irregular comparisons

Question	Answer
to excuse	ursäkta
Excuse me, where is the hospital?	Ursäkta, var är sjukhuset?
Excuse me, what are you doing?	Ursäkta, vad gör du?
straight	rakt
forward	fram
straight ahead	rakt fram
Walk straight ahead!	Gå rakt fram!
Go straight ahead.	Åk rakt fram.
to turn	svänga
right (direction)	höger
Turn right here.	Sväng höger här.
The bank is to the right.	Banken är till höger.
left	vänster
Turn left now.	Sväng vänster nu.
The park is to the left.	Parken är till vänster.
please	snälla
to open	öppna
Please, open the door!	Snälla, öppna dörren!
Open the book!	Öppna boken!
to close	stänga
Close the window!	Stäng fönstret!
Close the door now!	Stäng dörren nu!
to wait / to expect (a baby)	vänta
Wait here!	Vänta här!
Wait for me!	Vänta på mig!
Please, help me!	Snälla, hjälp mig!
Read this book!	Läs den här boken!
Buy this sweater!	Köp den här tröjan!
Now we cycle straight ahead.	Nu cyklar vi rakt fram.

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