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Spanish (Spain)

### Simple Negation

Making a sentence negative in Spanish is simple. To say that someone is "not" something, or that a fact is "not" the case, just place the word **no** directly before the verb.

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### Answering "Yes" and "No"

To answer a question affirmatively, use **sí** (yes). Notice that it has an accent mark over the *í*.

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When answering a question negatively, you will often hear **no** used twice. The first *no* answers the question, and the second *no* goes right in front of the verb to make the sentence negative.

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### Contrasting and Correcting

You can use the conjunction **pero** (but) to contrast a negative statement with a positive fact.

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To correct a simple fact, you don't always need *pero*. You can just place the negative and positive statements side by side.

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### Evaluating Facts

Here are a few useful adjectives for evaluating facts: **cierto** (true), **falso** (false), **fácil** (easy), and **difícil** (difficult).

Remember that adjectives ending in *-o* change to *-a* when describing a feminine noun, but those ending in consonants (like *fácil*) stay the same for both masculine and feminine nouns.

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Simple negation (no)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
no / not	no
the teacher	el profesor
I am not the teacher.	Yo no soy el profesor.
The book is not new.	El libro no es nuevo.
yes	sí
Yes, we are students.	Sí, nosotros somos estudiantes.
but	pero
That is not fast, but it is good.	Eso no es rápido, pero es bueno.
The teacher is not old, but he is intelligent.	El profesor no es viejo, pero es inteligente.
false	falso
That is false.	Eso es falso.
The idea is not false.	La idea no es falsa.
true	cierto
No, that is not true.	No, eso no es cierto.
It is true, the city is very big.	Es cierto, la ciudad es muy grande.
easy	fácil
The book is not easy.	El libro no es fácil.
This is very easy for us.	Esto es muy fácil para nosotros.
difficult	difícil
Yes, the problem is difficult.	Sí, el problema es difícil.
No, it is not difficult.	No, no es difícil.
He is not a teacher, he is a student.	Él no es profesor, es estudiante.