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Spanish (Spain)

### Relative pronouns with prepositions

In English, we often end sentences with a preposition, like "The folder I keep the project **in**." In Spanish, a preposition can never end a sentence. Instead, you must structure it as "The folder **in which** I keep the project."

When referring back to a specific object after a preposition (like **en**, **con**, or **de**), use **que** paired with the definite article (**el**, **la**, **los**, or **las**). 

The article must agree in gender and number with the noun you are referring back to.

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### Talking about desk organization

You will use this structure frequently when talking about where you store or how you use your office supplies. Notice how the preposition always comes immediately before the relative pronoun.

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Relative pronouns for things (el que, la que)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
the folder	la carpeta
which (after preposition) / the one who (in emphatic sentences)	el que
The folder in which I keep the project is new.	La carpeta en la que guardo el proyecto es nueva.
The colleague always organizes the documents in the folder.	El compañero siempre organiza los documentos en la carpeta.
the stapler	la grapadora
Where is the stapler with which you work?	¿Dónde está la grapadora con la que trabajas?
I need a metal stapler.	Necesito una grapadora de metal.
the staple	la grapa
The secretary does not have any staples.	La secretaria no tiene ninguna grapa.
The box from which I take the staples is empty.	La caja de la que cojo las grapas está vacía.
the sticky tape	el celo
I have sticky tape to put the photos on the wall.	Tengo celo para poner las fotos en la pared.
The sticky tape with which I repair the document is here.	El celo con el que reparo el documento está aquí.
the marker	el rotulador
The marker with which she writes is blue.	El rotulador con el que ella escribe es azul.
Sometimes we buy a black marker.	A veces compramos un rotulador negro.
the paperclip	el clip
I organize the little papers with a paperclip.	Organizo los papelitos con un clip.
The paperclip with which I play is broken.	El clip con el que juego está roto.
the sheet of paper	el folio
The sheet of paper on which I draw is white.	El folio en el que dibujo es blanco.
The student always needs another sheet of paper.	El estudiante siempre necesita otro folio.
the sharpener	el sacapuntas
The director uses a plastic sharpener.	El director usa un sacapuntas de plástico.
The drawer in which I keep the sharpener is red.	El cajón en el que guardo el sacapuntas es rojo.
the highlighter	el subrayador
The boss reviews the report with a yellow highlighter.	La jefa revisa el informe con un subrayador amarillo.
The highlighter with which I study is fantastic.	El subrayador con el que estudio es fantástico.
the wastebasket	la papelera
The wastebasket in which I throw the garbage is full.	La papelera en la que echo la basura está llena.
Please, throw the envelope in the wastebasket.	Por favor, tira el sobre a la papelera.
the object	el objeto
This drawer is for the objects I work with.	Este cajón es para los objetos con los que trabajo.
to be used for (a purpose)	servir
What is this object for?	¿Para qué sirve este objeto?
The stapler is used to join sheets of paper.	La grapadora sirve para unir folios.
the use	el uso
Mobile phone use is forbidden in the office.	El uso del móvil está prohibido en la oficina.
The instructions for use are in the box.	Las instrucciones de uso están en la caja.

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