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Spanish (Spain)

### Plural Definite Articles (los, las)

When talking about multiple things, the word for "the" changes to match the plural noun:

| Singular | Plural |
| --- | --- |
| **el** (masculine) | **los** |
| **la** (feminine) | **las** |

### Making Nouns Plural

To make a noun plural in Spanish, look at the last letter of the word:
- If the noun ends in a **vowel** (a, e, i, o, u), add **-s**.
- If the noun ends in a **consonant**, add **-es**.

For example, *el coche* becomes *los coches*, and *el animal* becomes *los animales*.

### Prepositions: para, de, and con

Use **para** (for) to show who or what something is intended for:

{{item:1101137}}

Use **de** (of) to show connection or possession. Spanish doesn't use an apostrophe-*s* (like "the women's house"). Instead, use the structure "the house of the women":

{{item:1101142}}

{{item:1101144}}

Use **con** (with) to describe what someone has or is accompanied by. Notice how nouns ending in consonants add **-es** to become plural, like *la flor* becoming *las flores*:

{{item:1101147}}

{{item:1101151}}

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
for / in order to (+ infinitive) / by (a deadline)	para
Is this for the boys and the girls?	¿Esto es para los niños y las niñas?
the dog	el perro
small	pequeño
The small dog is for the men.	El perro pequeño es para los hombres.
of	de
The house of the women is big!	¡La casa de las mujeres es grande!
the animal	el animal
The book of the animals is small.	El libro de los animales es pequeño.
with / just by (+ -ing)	con
the car	el coche
I am the man with the cars.	Yo soy el hombre con los coches.
the cat	el gato
Are you the girl with the cats and the dogs?	¿Tú eres la niña con los gatos y los perros?
the flower	la flor
The boy with the flowers is intelligent.	El niño con las flores es inteligente.
the tree	el árbol
Is that for the trees and the animals?	¿Eso es para los árboles y los animales?
The house of the cats is small.	La casa de los gatos es pequeña.
The car of the women is big.	El coche de las mujeres es grande.
He is the man with the flowers and the trees.	Él es el hombre con las flores y los árboles.