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Spanish (Latin America)

### Expressing Dates

To talk about specific dates in Spanish, use the formula **el** + [number] + **de** + [month].

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Notice that in Spanish, the day always comes before the month.

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### The Four Seasons

There are four seasons (**las estaciones**) in a year. Just like months, the names of the seasons are not capitalized in Spanish.

| English | Spanish |
| --- | --- |
| spring | la primavera |
| summer | el verano |
| autumn | el otoño |
| winter | el invierno |

You will usually include the definite article (**el** or **la**) with seasons, even after the preposition **en** (in).

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Seasons and dates (el dos de mayo)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

expression

interjection

noun

numeral

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (yo soy)

Noun gender and definite articles (el, la)

Basic sentences and negation (no)

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Formal and informal you (tú vs. usted)

Plural pronouns and the verb to be (somos, son)

Making nouns plural (-s, -es)

Plural articles (los, las, unos, unas)

Noun gender exceptions

Adjective agreement

Invariable adjectives

State and location (estar)

Ser vs. estar

There is / there are (hay)

Hay vs. estar

To have (tener)

Possession (de)

Possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su)

Regular -ar verbs

Yes/No questions

What and who (qué, quién)

Regular -er verbs

Regular -ir verbs

Asking where (dónde, adónde)

How, when, and why (cómo, cuándo, por qué)

How much and how many (cuánto)

Days of the week

Going to a place (ir a)

Preposition contractions (al, del)

In and by (en)

With me and with you (conmigo, contigo)

Prepositional pronouns (mí, ti)

Conjunctions (y, o, pero)

Giving reasons (porque)

Stem-changing verbs (e to ie)

Stem-changing verbs (o to ue)

Stem-changing verbs (e to i)

Irregular yo forms (hago, salgo)

To know (saber vs. conocer)

Weather expressions (hace, está)

Desires and plans (querer)

Ability and requests (poder)

Obligations (tener que)

Expressing likes (me gusta)

Plural likes (me gustan)

Verbs like gustar (encantar, doler)

Very vs. a lot (muy, mucho)

Numbers 0 to 15 (cero, uno, dos…)

Numbers 16 to 31 (dieciséis, veinte…)

Numbers 30 to 1000 (treinta, cien, mil)

Months of the year (enero, febrero, marzo)

Telling time (es la..., son las...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero, segundo, tercero)

Reflexive pronouns and verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

The present continuous (estar + -ando, -iendo)

Near demonstrative adjectives (este, esta, estos, estas)

Medium demonstrative adjectives (ese, esa, esos, esas)

Comparatives of inequality (más / menos ... que)

Comparatives of equality (tan ... como)

Indefinite and negative pronouns (algo, nada, alguien, nadie)

Affirmative commands

Far demonstratives (aquel, aquella)

Possessive pronouns (el mío, el tuyo)

Shortened indefinite adjectives (algún, ningún)

Adverbs of quantity (demasiado, bastante)

Adverbs of frequency (a menudo, a veces)

Adverb formation (-mente)

Exclamations (¡Qué...!)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Relative superlatives (el más... de)

Adjective intensification (-ísimo)

Indirect object pronouns

Pronoun placement with infinitives

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

The 'se lo' rule (se lo, se la)

Impersonal statements (se)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Personal obligation (deber)

Starting actions (empezar a)

Finishing and quitting actions (terminar de, dejar de)

Repeating actions (volver a)

Continuing actions (seguir + gerundio)

Complex prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de...)

Question	Answer
date	la fecha
What is today's date?	¿Qué fecha es hoy?
Today is the second of May.	Hoy es el dos de mayo.
birthday	el cumpleaños
My birthday is the fifteenth of January.	Mi cumpleaños es el quince de enero.
The meeting is on the twentieth of April.	La reunión es el veinte de abril.
His birthday is the third of October.	Su cumpleaños es el tres de octubre.
season	la estación
favorite	favorito
summer	el verano
My favorite season is summer.	Mi estación favorita es el verano.
It is very hot in the summer.	Hace mucho calor en el verano.
spring	la primavera
I like spring a lot.	Me gusta mucho la primavera.
The flowers are pretty in the spring.	Las flores son bonitas en la primavera.
autumn	el otoño
Autumn is a very pretty season.	El otoño es una estación muy bonita.
The trees in the park are red in the autumn.	Los árboles del parque son rojos en el otoño.
winter	el invierno
There is a lot of snow in the winter.	Hay mucha nieve en el invierno.
We have to buy clothes for the winter.	Tenemos que comprar ropa para el invierno.
Chocolate is my favorite candy.	El chocolate es mi dulce favorito.
The date of the concert is April third.	La fecha del concierto es el tres de abril.
Summer starts on June twenty-first.	El verano empieza el veintiuno de junio.
My birthday is November fifth.	Mi cumpleaños es el cinco de noviembre.
We travel in the winter, on January tenth.	Nosotros viajamos en el invierno, el diez de enero.
Is your birthday in the spring, on April fourth?	¿Tu cumpleaños es en la primavera, el cuatro de abril?
congratulations!	felicidades
Congratulations! Today is your birthday.	¡Felicidades! Hoy es tu cumpleaños.
—It's my birthday. —Congratulations!	—Es mi cumpleaños. —¡Felicidades!
the calendar	el calendario
I look at the date on the calendar.	Miro la fecha en el calendario.
The calendar is in the kitchen.	El calendario está en la cocina.
the cake (LatAm; MX also: sandwich)	la torta
We eat cake at the birthday party.	Comemos torta en el cumpleaños.
My mom makes a big cake.	Mi mamá hace una torta grande.