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Spanish (Latin America)

### We and They: Gendered Pronouns

Spanish pronouns change depending on who is in the group:

- **nosotros** / **nosotras** (we)
- **ellos** / **ellas** (they)

Use the **-os** ending for a group of men or a mixed group. Use the **-as** ending *only* for a group made up entirely of women.

### You All: Ustedes

In Latin America, there is only one way to say "you" to a group of people: **ustedes**. It is used for everyone, whether you are talking to close friends or strangers.

### The Verb *Ser*: Plural Forms

When using plural pronouns, the verb **ser** (to be) changes to match:

| Pronoun | Verb (*ser*) |
| --- | --- |
| nosotros / nosotras | somos |
| ustedes | son |
| ellos / ellas | son |

Examples with **somos**:

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Examples with **son**:

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### Dropping the Pronoun

Just like with singular verbs, you can often drop the subject pronoun. Because **somos** always means "we are", the pronoun is frequently left out.

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Plural pronouns and the verb to be (somos, son)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

expression

interjection

noun

numeral

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (yo soy)

Noun gender and definite articles (el, la)

Basic sentences and negation (no)

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Formal and informal you (tú vs. usted)

Making nouns plural (-s, -es)

Plural articles (los, las, unos, unas)

Noun gender exceptions

Adjective agreement

Invariable adjectives

State and location (estar)

Ser vs. estar

There is / there are (hay)

Hay vs. estar

To have (tener)

Possession (de)

Possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su)

Regular -ar verbs

Yes/No questions

What and who (qué, quién)

Regular -er verbs

Regular -ir verbs

Asking where (dónde, adónde)

How, when, and why (cómo, cuándo, por qué)

How much and how many (cuánto)

Days of the week

Going to a place (ir a)

Preposition contractions (al, del)

In and by (en)

With me and with you (conmigo, contigo)

Prepositional pronouns (mí, ti)

Conjunctions (y, o, pero)

Giving reasons (porque)

Stem-changing verbs (e to ie)

Stem-changing verbs (o to ue)

Stem-changing verbs (e to i)

Irregular yo forms (hago, salgo)

To know (saber vs. conocer)

Weather expressions (hace, está)

Desires and plans (querer)

Ability and requests (poder)

Obligations (tener que)

Expressing likes (me gusta)

Plural likes (me gustan)

Verbs like gustar (encantar, doler)

Very vs. a lot (muy, mucho)

Numbers 0 to 15 (cero, uno, dos…)

Numbers 16 to 31 (dieciséis, veinte…)

Numbers 30 to 1000 (treinta, cien, mil)

Months of the year (enero, febrero, marzo)

Seasons and dates (el dos de mayo)

Telling time (es la..., son las...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero, segundo, tercero)

Reflexive pronouns and verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

The present continuous (estar + -ando, -iendo)

Near demonstrative adjectives (este, esta, estos, estas)

Medium demonstrative adjectives (ese, esa, esos, esas)

Comparatives of inequality (más / menos ... que)

Comparatives of equality (tan ... como)

Indefinite and negative pronouns (algo, nada, alguien, nadie)

Affirmative commands

Far demonstratives (aquel, aquella)

Possessive pronouns (el mío, el tuyo)

Shortened indefinite adjectives (algún, ningún)

Adverbs of quantity (demasiado, bastante)

Adverbs of frequency (a menudo, a veces)

Adverb formation (-mente)

Exclamations (¡Qué...!)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Relative superlatives (el más... de)

Adjective intensification (-ísimo)

Indirect object pronouns

Pronoun placement with infinitives

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

The 'se lo' rule (se lo, se la)

Impersonal statements (se)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Personal obligation (deber)

Starting actions (empezar a)

Finishing and quitting actions (terminar de, dejar de)

Repeating actions (volver a)

Continuing actions (seguir + gerundio)

Complex prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de...)

Question	Answer
we	nosotros
Peru	Perú
We are from Peru.	Nosotros somos de Perú.
they (feminine)	ellas
They are friends.	Ellas son amigas.
you (plural)	ustedes
You are students from Colombia.	Ustedes son estudiantes de Colombia.
they	ellos
also	también
They are also brothers.	Ellos también son hermanos.
we (feminine)	nosotras
Chile	Chile
We are sisters from Chile.	Nosotras somos hermanas de Chile.
You are also from Peru.	Ustedes también son de Perú.
We are not doctors.	Nosotros no somos doctores.
the family	la familia
They are not from the family.	Ellas no son de la familia.
Argentina	Argentina
They are teachers in Argentina.	Ellos son profesores en Argentina.
We are from Chile, but he is from Mexico.	Nosotras somos de Chile, pero él es de México.
You are from Colombia and they are from Chile.	Ustedes son de Colombia y ellos son de Chile.
The house belongs to the family.	La casa es de la familia.
We are students from Mexico.	Somos estudiantes de México.
We are from Peru and they are from Argentina.	Nosotros somos de Perú y ellos son de Argentina.