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### Forming the Plural

To talk about multiple objects, you need the nominative plural form. In Russian, plural endings depend on the noun's gender and its last letter.

### Masculine and Feminine Nouns: -ы and -и

Most masculine nouns ending in a hard consonant and feminine nouns ending in **-а** form their plural with **-ы**. For masculine nouns, simply add **-ы**. For feminine nouns, replace the **-а** with **-ы**.

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However, Russian has a strict spelling rule: after the letters **к, г, х, ш, ж, ч,** and **щ**, you can never write **-ы**. You must use **-и** instead.

For example, **чашка** (cup) and **тарелка** (plate) have a **к** before the **-а**, so their plurals are **чашки** and **тарелки**.

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You also use **-и** for nouns that end in a soft sign (**-ь**), such as **вещь** (thing).

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(Notice that **овощ**—vegetable—ends in **щ**, so it also takes **-и** due to the spelling rule!)

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### Neuter Nouns: -а and -я

Neuter nouns follow a different pattern. If a neuter noun ends in **-о**, its plural ending changes to **-а**.

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If the neuter noun ends in **-е**, such as **здание** (building), the ending changes to **-я** (**здания**).

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Plural nouns (-ы, -и, -а, -я)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative (это)

Noun gender

Soft-sign nouns (-ь)

Subject pronouns (я, ты, он...)

Yes/no questions (да / нет)

Basic interrogatives (кто / что)

Basic negation (не)

Coordinating conjunctions (и / а)

Possessive pronouns (мой, твой, наш, ваш)

Demonstrative pronouns (этот, эта, это)

Adjective agreement

Which and whose (какой, чей)

First conjugation verbs, singular (-ать)

First conjugation verbs, plural (-ать)

Second conjugation verbs (-ить)

Irregular present tense verbs

Adverbs of manner (как, очень)

Locations in prepositional case (в / на)

Prepositional case modifiers (-ом, -ой)

Topics of speech (о, об)

Direct objects (-у, -ю)

Direct object pronouns (меня, тебя)

Verbs of motion (идти, ехать)

Destination (куда, в, на)

Irregular plural nouns (друзья, дети)

Plural adjectives and pronouns (-ые, -ие)

Numbers 1 to 10 (один, два, три)

Possession with pronouns (у меня есть)

Possession with nouns (-а, -я, -ы, -и)

Genitive of negation (нет)

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Quantities with mass nouns (сколько, много, мало)

Animate direct objects

The past tense of to be (был, была, было, были)

Regular past tense verbs

Time sequence expressions (вчера, завтра, раньше, потом)

Verb aspect in the past tense

Dative personal pronouns (мне, тебе, ему)

Expressing likes (нравится, нравятся)

Absence (нет)

Expressing age (год, года, лет)

Indirect objects (-у, -ю, -е)

Modal verbs (хотеть, мочь)

Reason and contrast (поэтому, но)

Double negation (ничего, никогда)

Reflexive verbs (-ся, -сь)

Polite requests and instructions (-ите, -йте)

Days of the week (в + Accusative)

Compound future tense (буду...)

Simple future tense

Accompaniment (с)

Multidirectional verbs of motion (ходить, ездить)

Greetings and goodbyes (здравствуйте, привет)

Thank you and sorry (спасибо, извините)

Countries and languages (русский, английский)

Meeting people (меня зовут, как дела)

Public transport (трамвай, остановка)

Left, right and the compass (слева, справа)

Places in the city (цирк, зоопарк)

Fruit and vegetables (помидор, огурец)

Post and travel (открытка, чемодан)

Family and relatives (внук, родственник)

Jobs and professions (инженер, продавец)

Sport and games (футбол, теннис)

Describing people (умный, сильный)

Health and the body (болен, здоровье)

The months of the year (январь, февраль)

Accusative feminine and inanimate adjectives (-ую, -юю)

Accusative animate masculine adjectives (-ого, -его)

Short-form adjectives (готов, занят)

Personal obligation (должен, должна)

Professions in the instrumental case

Genitive singular adjectives and possessives

Prepositions of absence and purpose (без, для)

Dative singular adjectives and possessives

Impersonal states (мне холодно)

Impersonal obligation (надо, нужно)

Impersonal permission (можно / нельзя)

Instrumental adjectives and pronouns

Reciprocal verbs (с + Instrumental)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (свой)

Reflexive pronouns (себя)

Specific indefinite pronouns (-то)

Non-specific indefinite pronouns (-нибудь)

Negative pronouns (никто / ничто)

Numbers 11 to 20

Tens to 100

Question	Answer
banana	банан
candy	конфета
Where are the bananas and candies?	Где бананы и конфеты?
fruit	фрукт
vegetable	овощ
She is buying fruits and vegetables.	Она покупает фрукты и овощи.
plate	тарелка
cup	чашка
On the table are plates and cups.	На столе тарелки и чашки.
thing	вещь
Here are the things.	Здесь вещи.
egg	яйцо
These are eggs, and those are bananas.	Это яйца, а там бананы.
The things are in the bedroom.	Вещи в спальне.
We love candies very much.	Мы очень любим конфеты.
Do you like vegetables?	Ты любишь овощи?
In the kitchen are plates and cups.	На кухне тарелки и чашки.
I love apples.	Я люблю яблоки.
There are parks and buildings there.	Там парки и здания.
The fruits are there, on the table.	Фрукты там, на столе.
Where are the magazines and newspapers?	Где журналы и газеты?
Here are the cups, and there are the plates.	Здесь чашки, а там тарелки.
dish	блюдо
The eggs are here, and the dishes are there.	Яйца здесь, а блюда там.
lamp	лампа
They are buying dishes and lamps.	Они покупают блюда и лампы.
The lamps are at home.	Лампы дома.
sausage	колбаса
The sausage is on the plate.	Колбаса на тарелке.
I am buying sausage.	Я покупаю колбасу.
sandwich	бутерброд
The sandwich is tasty.	Бутерброд вкусный.
Mum is making sandwiches.	Мама готовит бутерброды.
cake	торт
The cake is very sweet.	Торт очень сладкий.
I am buying a cake.	Я покупаю торт.
pie	пирог
The pie is hot.	Пирог горячий.
Mum is making a pie.	Мама готовит пирог.
ice cream	мороженое
The ice cream is cold.	Мороженое холодное.
We love ice cream.	Мы любим мороженое.
product, foodstuff	продукт
This is a good product.	Это хороший продукт.
We buy food in the shop.	Мы покупаем продукты в магазине.
bottle	бутылка
The bottle is on the table.	Бутылка на столе.
This is a big bottle.	Это большая бутылка.
beer	пиво
The beer is cold.	Пиво холодное.
He is buying beer.	Он покупает пиво.
flowers	цветы
The flowers are very beautiful.	Цветы очень красивые.
I am buying flowers.	Я покупаю цветы.

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