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### The Passive Agent

In a passive sentence, the subject receives the action. To mention who actually performed it—the **agent**—Romanian uses the preposition **de** or **de către** (by).

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**De** and **de către** are interchangeable for the passive agent. **De către** is specific to this structure, while **de** has many other meanings (like *of* or *from*).

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The noun following the preposition stays in its standard dictionary form.

### Pronouns as the Agent

You can also use pronouns to state who performed the action. For most pronouns (*el*, *ea*, *noi*, *voi*, *ei*, *ele*), the forms used after **de** or **de către** look identical to the subject pronouns you already know.

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The passive agent (de către)

adjective

adverb

adverbial phrase

auxiliary

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The verb to be and definite articles (a fi, -ul, -le)

Feminine definite articles (-a, -ua)

Indefinite articles (un, o)

Negative sentences (nu)

Question words (ce, unde, cine)

The verb to have (a avea)

Masculine plural nouns (-i, -ii)

Feminine plural nouns (-e, -i, -le)

Neuter plural nouns (-uri, -e, -le)

Adjectives and agreement

Present tense of regular -a verbs

Present tense of -a verbs with suffix (-ez)

Present tense of regular -i and -î verbs

Present tense of -i and -î verbs with suffix (-esc / -ăsc)

Present tense of -ea and -e verbs

Reflexive pronouns (mă, te, se, ne, vă)

Accusative prepositions (în, la, pe, din, cu)

Likes and dislikes (îmi place)

Possessive adjectives (meu, tău, său)

Third-person possessives (lui, ei, lor)

Possessive articles (al, a, ai, ale)

Formal politeness (dumneavoastră)

Demonstrative adjectives (acest, acel)

Numbers 1 to 10

The number two (doi, două)

Numbers 11 to 20

Counting by tens to 100

Quantifying large numbers (de)

The subjunctive (să)

Third-person subjunctive (să)

Direct object pronouns (îl, o, îi, le)

Personal direct objects (pe)

Days of the week

Telling time (e ora...)

Months of the Year (January to June)

Months of the Year (July to December)

The Four Seasons

Weather Conditions

Rooms in a House

Basic Body Parts: Upper Body

Basic Body Parts: Limbs

Everyday Clothing

Basic Foods: Groceries

Fruits and Vegetables

Around Town

Getting Around

Setting the Table

A Colorful World

Common Animals

In the Wild

Jobs and Careers

Everyday Tech

Describing people (tânăr, bătrân, înalt)

Asking when and why (când, de ce, care)

Hello and goodbye (bună ziua, la revedere)

Coming and going (intra, sta, trece)

Where is it? (sub, lângă, între)

Knowing and thinking (știu că, cred că)

Sorry, welcome, congratulations (îmi pare rău, la mulți ani)

Introducing yourself (mă numesc, sunt din România)

How much and how many (puțin, prea, doar)

Can and may (pot merge, pot să merg)

If and whether (dacă)

At school and university

Irregular verbs in the present (vrea, lua, da, bea, sta)

Free time and sport

How much is it? (cât costă, câți, câte)

Before and after (înainte, după, până)

At the doctor (mă doare)

Meals of the day (micul dejun, prânzul, cina)

At the restaurant

Ability and permission (a putea să)

Obligation and necessity (trebuie să)

Desires and intentions (a vrea să)

Impersonal statements (se)

Adverbs of frequency (adesea, uneori)

Conjunctions for reasons and links (pentru că, deci)

Stressed accusative pronouns (pe mine, pe tine)

Indefinite pronouns (cineva, ceva)

Negative pronouns and double negation (nimeni, nimic)

The past tense auxiliary (am, ai, a)

The past tense (am, ai, a)

Regular past participles (-at, -it)

Regular past participles (-ut, -s, -t)

Negative past tense (nu am)

Question	Answer
to create	crea
by (agent)	de către
the genius	geniul
The work is created by a genius.	Opera este creată de către un geniu.
the gallery	galeria
to restore	restaura
The gallery is restored by the architect.	Galeria este restaurată de către arhitectă.
to compose	compune
The king's symphony is composed by a genius.	Simfonia regelui este compusă de un geniu.
the masterpiece	capodopera
the sculptor	sculptorul
The masterpiece is admired by the sculptor.	Capodopera este admirată de către sculptor.
to design	proiecta
The building is designed by the famous architect.	Clădirea este proiectată de către arhitecta celebră.
the critic	criticul
That which is written by the critic is true.	Ceea ce este scris de critic este adevărat.
The museum's masterpiece is restored by us.	Capodopera muzeului este restaurată de către noi.
The monument is designed by her and created by him.	Monumentul este proiectat de către ea și creat de către el.
The composer's melody is listened to by the king.	Melodia compozitorului este ascultată de către rege.
The painting is evaluated by the critic.	Tabloul este evaluat de către critic.
The writer's poem is read by the actor.	Poezia scriitorului este citită de către actor.
The gallery is restored by the old sculptor.	Galeria este restaurată de către sculptorul bătrân.
The symphony is composed by a genius.	Simfonia este compusă de către un geniu.

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