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Portuguese (Portugal)

### The Present Perfect (Pretérito Perfeito Composto)

The Portuguese Present Perfect (Pretérito Perfeito Composto) describes actions that started in the past and continue into the present. It translates closer to the English "have been doing" than "have done".

To form it, combine the present indicative of **ter** (to have) with the past participle of the main verb. For regular verbs, drop the infinitive ending and add **-ado** (*-ar* verbs) or **-ido** (*-er* and *-ir* verbs).

| Pronoun | Ter | Past Participle |
| --- | --- | --- |
| eu | **tenho** | trabalhado |
| tu | **tens** | trabalhado |
| ele / ela / você | **tem** | trabalhado |
| nós | **temos** | trabalhado |
| eles / elas / vocês | **têm** | trabalhado |

Because this tense emphasizes ongoing, recent action, it is often paired with time markers like **ultimamente** (lately) and **recentemente** (recently).

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To make the Present Perfect negative, place **não** immediately before the auxiliary verb **ter**.

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### Common Participles: Regular and Irregular

The verb **estar** (to be) follows the regular *-ar* pattern to become **estado**.

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However, some essential verbs have irregular past participles. For example, **ser** (to be) becomes **sido**.

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The verb **fazer** (to do/make) is also highly irregular, becoming **feito**. Remember that Portuguese uses **fazer** in many weather expressions, which applies here too.

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The present perfect (tenho trabalhado)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
the farm	a quinta
lately	ultimamente
I have been working on the farm lately.	Eu tenho trabalhado na quinta ultimamente.
the farmer	o agricultor
recently	recentemente
The farmer has been very tired recently.	O agricultor tem estado muito cansado recentemente.
the grape	a uva
We have been picking the grapes lately.	Temos apanhado as uvas ultimamente.
hard	duro
The work on the farm has been hard recently.	O trabalho na quinta tem sido duro recentemente.
the olive	a azeitona
the tractor	o trator
You have been bringing the olives on the tractor.	Tens trazido as azeitonas no trator.
the harvest	a colheita
The farmers have not rested during the harvest.	Os agricultores não têm descansado durante a colheita.
the basket	o cesto
They have been carrying the baskets of grapes to the tractor.	Eles têm levado os cestos de uvas para o trator.
It has rained a lot lately, and that helps the harvest.	Tem chovido muito ultimamente e isso ajuda a colheita.
We have to pick the olives, and it has been hard.	Temos de apanhar as azeitonas e tem sido duro.
Has he been buying baskets recently?	Ele tem comprado cestos recentemente?
It has been hot on the farm lately.	Tem feito calor na quinta ultimamente.