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Portuguese (Portugal)

### Plurals ending in -m

When a noun or adjective ends in **-m**, drop the **-m** and add **-ns**.

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### Plurals ending in -l

For most words ending in **-l**, drop the **-l** and add **-is**.

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To maintain the word's original stress, words ending in **-el** change to **-éis**, and words ending in an unstressed **-il** change to **-eis**.

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### Plurals ending in -r and -z

For nouns and adjectives ending in **-r** or **-z**, simply add **-es**.

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Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Already and not yet (já, ainda não)

Question	Answer
the trip	a viagem
The trips to London are very expensive.	As viagens para Londres são muito caras.
Do you prefer train trips?	Preferes viagens de comboio?
the animal	o animal
Dogs and cats are beautiful animals.	Os cães e os gatos são animais bonitos.
How many animals do you have here?	Quantos animais vocês têm aqui?
the paper	o papel
Where are the white papers?	Onde estão os papéis brancos?
the hotel	o hotel
I do not have the papers from the hotel.	Eu não tenho os papéis do hotel.
The hotels in Lisbon are very good.	Os hotéis em Lisboa são muito bons.
Are those hotels big?	Aqueles hotéis são grandes?
blue	azul
The blue shoes are beautiful.	Os sapatos azuis são lindos.
The blue cars are fast.	Os carros azuis são rápidos.
easy	fácil
English classes are easy.	As aulas de inglês são fáceis.
These problems are not easy.	Estes problemas não são fáceis.
difficult	difícil
Meetings are difficult.	As reuniões são difíceis.
These books are difficult.	Estes livros são difíceis.
the actor	o ator
The American actors are in the hotel.	Os atores americanos estão no hotel.
Who are those actors?	Quem são aqueles atores?
the director	o diretor
The school directors are nice.	Os diretores da escola são simpáticos.
When do the directors return?	Quando voltam os diretores?
the light	a luz
The rooms do not have lights.	Os quartos não têm luzes.
We prefer the blue lights.	Preferimos as luzes azuis.