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Portuguese (Portugal)

### The Same: O mesmo / A mesma

To express that things are "the same," Portuguese uses **mesmo**. Like other adjectives, it must agree in gender and number with the noun it describes. It is typically placed directly before the noun, accompanied by the corresponding definite article (**o**, **a**, **os**, or **as**).

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### Twins and Identical Things

When talking about identical traits or people who look exactly alike, you will often use the adjective **idêntico** (identical) and the word **gémeo** (twin). 

Notice that **gémeo** can be used as a standalone noun or as an adjective modifying a noun (as in *irmão gémeo*), and both words change their endings to match gender and number.

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### Coincidences and Confusion

When people or things are too similar, it can easily lead to a mix-up. Let's look at how to point out a coincidence (**a coincidência**) and how to use the verb **confundir** (to confuse).

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### Exactly Alike

To emphasize just how identical things are, you can add the adverb **exatamente** (exactly). 

Conversely, if things are not quite identical but just look alike, use the adjective **parecido** (similar). These expressions are especially useful when comparing physical appearances (**a aparência**) or personal preferences (**os gostos**).

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Expressions of identity (o mesmo / a mesma)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
the same (m) / a mesma / os mesmos / as mesmas	o mesmo
They have the same car.	Eles têm o mesmo carro.
We had the same idea!	Tivemos a mesma ideia!
the twin (m)	o gémeo
They are twin brothers.	Eles são irmãos gémeos.
identical	idêntico
We are identical twins.	Somos gémeos idênticos.
the twin (f)	a gémea
My twin sister lives in Lisbon.	A minha irmã gémea mora em Lisboa.
The girls are twins.	As raparigas são gémeas.
We wear identical clothing.	Nós usamos roupa idêntica.
That is identical!	Aquilo é idêntico!
the coincidence	a coincidência
It is a great coincidence!	É uma grande coincidência!
What a coincidence, we have the same name.	Que coincidência, temos o mesmo nome.
to confuse	confundir
The teacher continues to confuse the students.	O professor continua a confundir as alunas.
I never confuse the twins.	Eu nunca confundo as gémeas.
exactly	exatamente
the appearance	a aparência
They have exactly the same appearance.	Elas têm exatamente a mesma aparência.
His appearance is very different.	A aparência dele é muito diferente.
the taste	o gosto
You have exactly the same tastes.	Vocês têm exatamente os mesmos gostos.
We have identical tastes.	Nós temos gostos idênticos.
similar	parecido
This is very similar to my car.	Isto é muito parecido com o meu carro.
The two cats are very similar.	Os dois gatos são muito parecidos.
We go to the same place by train.	Nós vamos para o mesmo lugar de comboio.
That is exactly what I saw.	Aquilo é exatamente o que eu vi.
I am starting to confuse the two reports.	Começo a confundir os dois relatórios.
We had the same problem yesterday.	Tivemos o mesmo problema ontem.