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Portuguese (Portugal)

### Highlighting "Who"

When you want to place special emphasis on exactly *who* did something—like pinpointing who made a groundbreaking scientific discovery—Portuguese uses a cleft sentence. To express "It was [person] who...", use **foi** (the past tense of *ser*, meaning "it was") followed by the person, and then **quem** (who).

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### Highlighting "Where"

To emphasize the specific location where the magic happens, use a form of the verb *ser* (such as **é** for "it is") followed by the place, and then **onde** (where).

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### Highlighting "When"

Similarly, when you need to stress the exact moment or timeframe of an event, use a form of *ser* plus the time phrase, followed by **quando** (when). 

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Emphasizing who and where (foi quem, é onde)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
the inventor	o inventor
the radiation	a radiação
It was the inventor who discovered the radiation.	Foi o inventor quem descobriu a radiação.
the molecule	a molécula
Is he the inventor of the new molecule?	Ele é o inventor da nova molécula?
the researcher	o investigador
the equation	a equação
It was the researcher who wrote the equation.	Foi o investigador quem escreveu a equação.
the atom	o átomo
The researcher studies the atom and the molecule.	O investigador estuda o átomo e a molécula.
the physicist	o físico
It is in the laboratory where the physicist works.	É no laboratório onde o físico trabalha.
It was the physicist who explained the equation.	Foi o físico quem explicou a equação.
the gravity	a gravidade
It was yesterday when he understood gravity.	Foi ontem quando ele compreendeu a gravidade.
the physics	a física
Gravity is an important subject in physics.	A gravidade é um assunto importante na física.
Physics is very complicated.	A física é muito complicada.
It is here where the physicist divides the atom.	É aqui onde o físico divide o átomo.
It was the scientist who isolated the molecule.	Foi o cientista quem isolou a molécula.
It is in the university where they measure radiation.	É na universidade onde medem a radiação.
The radiation is so strong that it burns.	A radiação é tão forte que queima.
It was today when she solved the equation.	Foi hoje quando ela resolveu a equação.
He does not do the whole equation either.	Ele também não faz a equação toda.
the penicillin	a penicilina
It was the researcher who discovered penicillin.	Foi o investigador quem descobriu a penicilina.
It was in autumn when they made penicillin.	Foi no outono quando fizeram a penicilina.