Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Portuguese (Portugal)

English has a two-way system for pointing things out: "this" (near me) and "that" (far from me). Portuguese has a three-way system based on distance from both the speaker and the listener.

Because these are determiners (words that point out or introduce nouns), they must agree in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) with the noun they describe.

### Este (This - near me)

Use **este** for objects that are close to you (the speaker).

| | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | este | esta |
| Plural | estes | estas |

{{item:945889}}

{{item:945892}}

{{item:945894}}

### Esse (That - near you)

Use **esse** for objects that are close to the person you are talking to. If you say "that shirt" and the listener is holding it or standing right next to it, use **esse**.

| | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | esse | essa |
| Plural | esses | essas |

{{item:945896}}

{{item:945899}}

### Aquele (That over there - far)

Use **aquele** for objects that are far away from *both* you and the person you are talking to. Think of it as "that one over there."

| | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | aquele | aquela |
| Plural | aqueles | aquelas |

{{item:945903}}

{{item:945904}}

### Bringing it together

Notice how choosing between **este** and **esse** contrasts "this one right here" with "that one near you".

{{item:945908}}

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Already and not yet (já, ainda não)

Question	Answer
this (este, esta, estes, estas)	este
the shirt	a camisa
beautiful	lindo
This shirt is beautiful.	Esta camisa é linda.
the pants	as calças
ugly	feio
These pants are very ugly.	Estas calças são muito feias.
the dress	o vestido
I am going to buy this dress today.	Vou comprar este vestido hoje.
that (esse, essa, esses, essas)	esse
Is that dress yours?	Esse vestido é teu?
the color	a cor
That color is beautiful.	Essa cor é linda.
Are you going to buy those pants?	Vais comprar essas calças?
That shirt is dirty.	Essa camisa está suja.
that over there (aquele, aquela, aqueles, aquelas)	aquele
the painting	o quadro
That painting over there is old.	Aquele quadro é velho.
Those dresses over there are very expensive.	Aqueles vestidos são muito caros.
I am not going to buy that painting over there.	Não vou comprar aquele quadro.
These shoes are very cheap.	Estes sapatos são muito baratos.
Are those glasses new?	Esses óculos são novos?
This color is ugly, but that dress is beautiful.	Esta cor é feia, mas esse vestido é lindo.
the skirt	a saia
The skirt is beautiful.	A saia é bonita.
She buys a skirt.	Ela compra uma saia.
the T-shirt	a t-shirt
The T-shirt is white.	A t-shirt é branca.
I have a new T-shirt.	Eu tenho uma t-shirt nova.

Contributors