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Portuguese (Portugal)

In Portuguese, the position of an object pronoun changes depending on whether you are giving an affirmative or negative command.

### Affirmative Commands

For affirmative commands, object pronouns attach to the end of the verb with a hyphen.

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### Negative Commands

When giving a negative command, words like **não** (not) or **nunca** (never) pull the object pronoun to the front, placing it immediately *before* the verb.

Notice that negative commands also require a different verb form (the present subjunctive). For **tu** commands, you swap the verb's characteristic vowel: **-ar** verbs take an **-es** ending (like *escoves*), while **-er** and **-ir** verbs take an **-as** ending. Highly irregular verbs also have unique negative command forms, such as **não dês** for the verb **dar** (to give).

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### Pronouns with Nasal Endings

If an affirmative command ends in a nasal sound—like **-m**, **-ão**, or **-õe**—the direct object pronouns **o**, **a**, **os**, and **as** gain an **n** and become **-no**, **-na**, **-nos**, and **-nas**.

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When making these commands negative, the spelling rule no longer applies because the pronoun moves to the front in its normal form.

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### Combining Object Pronouns

When a command requires both an indirect object (**lhe**) and a direct object (**o** or **a**), they contract into a single word: **lho** or **lha**.

The same placement rules apply: attach them to the end of affirmative commands, and place them before negative commands.

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Commands with object pronouns (alimenta-o, não o escoves)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
to feed	alimentar
The dog is hungry. Feed him now!	O cão tem fome. Alimenta-o agora!
the bone	o osso
But don't give him the bone.	Mas não lhe dês o osso.
the pet food	a ração
the bowl	a tigela
Where is the pet food? Put it in the bowl!	Onde está a ração? Põe-na na tigela!
The bowl is very dirty. Don't use it!	A tigela está muito suja. Não a uses!
the cage	a gaiola
to close	fechar
The bird is in the cage. Close it!	O pássaro está na gaiola. Fecha-a!
the brush	a escova
to brush	escovar
The cat likes the brush. Brush him slowly.	O gato gosta da escova. Escova-o devagar.
He is sick. Don't brush him today.	Ele está doente. Não o escoves hoje.
the collar	a coleira
the leash	a trela
The dog wants to go for a walk. Put the collar and the leash on him!	O cão quer passear. Põe-lhe a coleira e a trela!
The path is dangerous. Don't take him without the leash!	O caminho é perigoso. Não o leves sem a trela!
The cage is small. Never close it!	A gaiola é pequena. Nunca a feches!
He adores the pet food. Buy it at the supermarket.	Ele adora a ração. Compra-a no supermercado.
to bite	morder
He is biting the bone. Don't take it from him!	Ele está a morder o osso. Não lho tires!
The brush is new. Put it in the drawer.	A escova é nova. Põe-na na gaveta.
He usually bites the collar. Take it off him!	Ele costuma morder a coleira. Tira-lha!
Which animal do you want to feed?	Que animal é que queres alimentar?