Breakdown of Kobieta mówi, że film jest smutny.
być
to be
kobieta
woman
film
film
mówić
to speak
smutny
sad
że
that
Questions & Answers about Kobieta mówi, że film jest smutny.
Can I skip że and just say "Kobieta mówi film jest smutny" like we drop "that" in English?
No, in Polish, you cannot drop the conjunction że. While in English we often say "The woman says the film is sad," in Polish you must always include że to connect the two parts of the sentence.
Is the comma before że always required?
Yes! In Polish grammar, you must always put a comma before subordinating conjunctions like że (that) and bo (because). This separates the main action (Kobieta mówi) from the added information (film jest smutny).
Why does smutny end in -y instead of -a or -e?
Smutny is an adjective meaning "sad," and it has to match the gender of the noun it describes. Since film is a masculine noun, the adjective takes the masculine ending -y. If it were describing a feminine noun, it would be smutna, and for a neuter noun, smutne.
How do I know if mówi means "says" or "is saying"?
Polish doesn't have a separate continuous tense like English does. Kobieta mówi can mean either "The woman says" as a general statement, or "The woman is saying" right at this moment. You just rely on the context to figure out which one is meant.
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