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### The Digital World

When discussing data protection and online restrictions, you will frequently use terms like *prywatność* (privacy) and *cyfrowy* (digital). Notice how a typical verb like *chronić* (to protect) uses the standard Accusative case for its direct object.

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### Verbs Governing the Genitive Case

Just as some verbs demand the Instrumental case, certain verbs require their object to take the **Genitive** case, even in affirmative sentences. Singular Genitive endings are typically *-a* or *-u* for masculine and neuter nouns, and *-y* or *-i* for feminine nouns. Plural Genitive endings often take *-ów* for masculine nouns, or drop the final vowel entirely for feminine and neuter nouns.

### Deprivation

Verbs that express removing or taking something away, such as *pozbawiać* (to deprive) and its perfective equivalent *pozbawić*, require the Genitive case for the thing being taken. The person or entity being deprived takes the Accusative case.

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### Prohibition

Verbs that mean to forbid or to ban also govern the Genitive case for the prohibited thing. Common examples include *zakazywać* (to forbid officially) and *zabronić* (to forbid). When you need to specify *who* is forbidden from having or doing something, that person takes the Dative case.

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### Guarding and Defending

While *chronić* takes the Accusative, the verb *strzec* (to guard, to keep watch over) demands the Genitive case for the object being closely guarded.

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Verbs taking the genitive (zakazywać, pozbawiać)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
digital	cyfrowy
We must protect our digital world against viruses.	Musimy chronić nasz cyfrowy świat przed wirusami.
privacy	prywatność
Digital privacy is very important to us.	Cyfrowa prywatność jest dla nas bardzo ważna.
anonymity	anonimowość
Nowadays, digital anonymity is a myth.	Dzisiaj cyfrowa anonimowość to mit.
I like what gives me anonymity on the internet.	Lubię to, co daje mi anonimowość w internecie.
to deprive	pozbawiać
The new system deprives us of privacy.	Nowy system pozbawia nas prywatności.
We fight for what protects our privacy.	Walczymy o to, co chroni naszą prywatność.
algorithm	algorytm
Why does this algorithm deprive us of control?	Dlaczego ten algorytm pozbawia nas kontroli?
censorship	cenzura
Does censorship deprive us of important information?	Czy cenzura pozbawia nas ważnych informacji?
to deprive (perfective)	pozbawić
The thieves deprived the company of access to the account.	Złodzieje pozbawili firmę dostępu do konta.
The virus deprived me of my files.	Wirus pozbawił mnie moich plików.
Thanks to these algorithms, everything works faster.	Dzięki tym algorytmom wszystko działa szybciej.
to forbid (officially)	zakazywać
The law forbids censorship on the internet.	Prawo zakazuje cenzury w internecie.
Why does he still forbid me access to this data?	Dlaczego on wciąż zakazuje mi dostępu do tych danych?
to forbid (officially, perfective)	zakazać
The court forbade him access to the internet.	Sąd zakazał mu dostępu do internetu.
When did the government ban digital censorship?	Kiedy władza zakazała cyfrowej cenzury?
to forbid (perfective)	zabronić
The boss forbade us private conversations.	Szef zabronił nam prywatnych rozmów.
Why did the father forbid him these stupid games?	Dlaczego ojciec zabronił mu tych głupich gier?
We are fighting against censorship on the web.	Walczymy przeciwko cenzurze w sieci.
Digital censorship is a big problem now.	Cyfrowa cenzura to teraz wielki problem.
to guard	strzec
You must guard your passwords.	Musisz strzec swoich haseł.
The better you guard your privacy, the better you sleep.	Im lepiej strzeżesz swojej prywatności, tym lepiej śpisz.