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### Verbal Nouns (-nie, -cie)

To talk about an activity as a concept—like "reading" or "running" in English—Polish uses verbal nouns (*rzeczowniki odczasownikowe*). They are created by dropping the verb's infinitive ending and adding **-nie** or **-cie**.

All verbal nouns are neuter. Because they function as nouns, you can use them as the subject of a sentence, modify them with adjectives, or link them to nouns like **zajęcie** (activity).

### Forming Nouns with -nie

Most verbs, especially those ending in **-ać** or **-ować**, form their verbal noun with **-nie**. For example, *czytać* (to read) becomes **czytanie** (reading), and *pływać* (to swim) becomes **pływanie** (swimming).

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Just like regular nouns, you can use them to compare activities or describe them in detail.

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### Hobbies and Interests

Verbal nouns are perfect for talking about your hobbies and passions, which you can refer to as your **zainteresowanie** (interest).

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### Forming Nouns with -cie

Some verbs, particularly short ones ending in **-yć** or **-ić** (such as *myć* - to wash), form their verbal nouns with **-cie**.

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Verbal nouns (-nie, -cie)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
reading	czytanie
activity	zajęcie
Reading is my favorite activity.	Czytanie to moje ulubione zajęcie.
Reading old books is very interesting.	Czytanie starych książek jest bardzo ciekawe.
swimming	pływanie
Swimming is very healthy.	Pływanie jest bardzo zdrowe.
running	bieganie
Running is as tiring as swimming.	Bieganie jest tak samo męczące jak pływanie.
Running in the park is a good idea.	Bieganie w parku to dobry pomysł.
writing	pisanie
Writing books is difficult.	Pisanie książek jest trudne.
There is a difference between writing and reading.	Jest różnica między pisaniem a czytaniem.
watching	oglądanie
Watching movies in the cinema is a pleasure.	Oglądanie filmów w kinie to przyjemność.
I do not have time for watching television.	Nie mam czasu na oglądanie telewizji.
listening	słuchanie
Listening to music helps with stress.	Słuchanie muzyki pomaga na stres.
Listening is as important as writing.	Słuchanie jest tak samo ważne jak pisanie.
playing	granie
interest	zainteresowanie
Playing football is his only interest.	Granie w futbol to jego jedyne zainteresowanie.
Playing on the computer is boring.	Granie na komputerze jest nudne.
traveling	podróżowanie
My new interest is traveling.	Moje nowe zainteresowanie to podróżowanie.
Traveling is not cheap, but it is wonderful.	Podróżowanie nie jest tanie, ale jest cudowne.
Washing the car is my duty.	Mycie samochodu to mój obowiązek.
Cooking is my favorite activity.	Gotowanie to moje ulubione zajęcie.