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### The preposition "poza"

When you want to describe a state of being "outside" or "beyond" a physical boundary, you will use the preposition **poza**.

To indicate a static position or state (answering the question "where?"), **poza** is followed by a noun in the **Instrumental** case. For most masculine and neuter nouns, this means adding the **-em** ending. 

- **dom** (the house) -> **poza domem**
- **miasto** (the city) -> **poza miastem**

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### Suburbs and territories

When talking about areas outside a city's center, you might refer to a suburb (**przedmieście**) or a specific area (**obszar**).

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You can also use **poza** on a larger scale to talk about being outside a country's territory (**terytorium**). Note that native Polish nouns ending in **-um**, such as *terytorium*, do not change their form in the singular, so the Instrumental form looks exactly like the dictionary form.

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### Abstract limits

The preposition **poza** is equally common for describing abstract boundaries, such as when something is out of range (**zasięg**) of a network (**sieć**). Since *zasięg* is a masculine inanimate noun, it takes the **-em** ending in the Instrumental case: **poza zasięgiem**.

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Feminine nouns like control (**kontrola**), norm (**norma**), and competition (**konkurencja**) all end in **-a**. To use them with **poza**, you must put them in the Instrumental case by changing the final **-a** to **-ą**.

- **kontrola** -> **poza kontrolą** (out of control)
- **norma** -> **poza normą** (outside the norm)
- **konkurencja** -> **poza konkurencją** (beyond competition)

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Outside limits and position (poza)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
outside (of something)	poza
Yesterday he was outside the house.	Wczoraj był poza domem.
Why do you live outside the city?	Dlaczego mieszkasz poza miastem?
the suburb	przedmieście
This quiet suburb is far from the center.	To ciche przedmieście jest daleko od centrum.
I choose a suburb instead of a big city.	Wybieram przedmieście zamiast dużego miasta.
the area	obszar
the territory	terytorium
This area is located outside the country's territory.	Ten obszar znajduje się poza terytorium kraju.
the range	zasięg
the network	sieć
My phone was out of network range yesterday.	Mój telefon był wczoraj poza zasięgiem sieci.
the control	kontrola
Is this situation outside your control?	Czy ta sytuacja jest poza twoją kontrolą?
the norm	norma
His behavior was completely outside the norm.	Jego zachowanie było zupełnie poza normą.
the competition	konkurencja
Our new product is beyond competition.	Nasz nowy produkt jest poza konkurencją.
the outskirt	obrzeże
The new housing estate on the outskirts is a quiet suburb.	Nowe osiedle na obrzeżach to spokojne przedmieście.
This area does not have a fast network.	Ten obszar nie ma szybkiej sieci.
We have full control over this territory.	Mamy pełną kontrolę nad tym terytorium.
This company is out of the competition's reach.	Ta firma jest poza zasięgiem konkurencji.
Yesterday the temperature was completely outside the norm.	Wczoraj temperatura była zupełnie poza normą.
Does this new housing estate lie on the outskirts?	Czy to nowe osiedle leży na obrzeżach?