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### Counting Men: Numbers 2 to 4

When counting small groups of men (or mixed groups of men and women), Polish uses special "masculine personal" forms for numbers 2, 3, and 4: **dwóch** (two), **trzech** (three), and **czterech** (four).

Unlike normal numbers 2 to 4, these special forms act just like the number 5: they force the noun that follows into the **Genitive plural**.

Additionally, just like with numbers 5 and above, when one of these phrases is the subject of a sentence, the verb takes a **singular** form (e.g., **gotuje** instead of **gotują**).

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### Asking "How Many?"

To ask "how many?" about masculine personal nouns, use the special question word **ilu**. Just like the numbers above, **ilu** requires the following noun to be in the Genitive plural and takes a singular verb if it is the subject.

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### Subjects and Objects

Because the Accusative case is identical to the Genitive case for masculine personal nouns, these phrases (**dwóch**, **trzech**, **czterech**, and **ilu**) look exactly the same whether they are performing the action as the subject, or receiving the action as a direct object.

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Masculine personal numbers 2 to 4 (dwóch, trzech, czterech)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
two (masculine personal)	dwóch
cook	kucharz
Two cooks are cooking dinner.	Dwóch kucharzy gotuje obiad.
how many (masculine personal)	ilu
lawyer	prawnik
How many lawyers do not drink coffee?	Ilu prawników nie pije kawy?
three (masculine personal)	trzech
mechanic	mechanik
Three mechanics are repairing my car.	Trzech mechaników naprawia mój samochód.
four (masculine personal)	czterech
firefighter	strażak
I am looking for four firefighters.	Szukam czterech strażaków.
foreigner	obcokrajowiec
How many foreigners speak Polish?	Ilu obcokrajowców mówi po polsku?
intern	stażysta
Two interns are writing a report.	Dwóch stażystów pisze raport.
Three lawyers are discussing in the office.	Trzech prawników dyskutuje w biurze.
This restaurant employs four cooks.	Ta restauracja zatrudnia czterech kucharzy.
The boss needs two good mechanics.	Szef potrzebuje dwóch dobrych mechaników.
We have three new interns.	Mamy trzech nowych stażystów.
How many firefighters are waiting there?	Ilu strażaków tam czeka?
Four foreigners live on this street.	Czterech obcokrajowców mieszka na tej ulicy.
Two students are studying in the library.	Dwóch studentów uczy się w bibliotece.
Three boys are drinking juice.	Trzech chłopców pije sok.
How many sons do you have?	Ilu masz synów?