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### Turning Adjectives into Adverbs

In Polish, while adjectives describe nouns (a *careful* student), adverbs describe verbs, telling us *how* an action is performed (listening *carefully*). 

To form an adverb, we take the adjective stem (usually by dropping the final **-y** or **-i**) and add either **-o** or **-e**.

### Adverbs Ending in "-nie"

For most adjectives ending in **-ny**, you will form the adverb by changing the ending to **-nie**. Notice how the sentence below uses the adjective *uważny* (careful) to describe the student, and the adverb *uważnie* (carefully) to describe how he listens.

{{item:958312}}

You can apply this exact same pattern to other common adjectives like *wyraźny* (clear) and *poważny* (serious).

{{item:958316}}

{{item:958318}}

### Adverbs Ending in "-o"

Many other adjectives, especially those whose stems end in consonants like **-w-** or **-ł-**, form their adverbs by dropping the **-y** and adding **-o**.

For example, *łatwy* (easy) becomes *łatwo* (easily).

{{item:958322}}

Adverbs ending in **-o** are also frequently used without a specific subject to describe the general atmosphere or state of a place. For example, *miły* (nice) becomes *miło*.

{{item:958325}}

And just like the **-nie** adverbs, they describe the manner in which someone does something. *Wesoły* (cheerful) becomes *wesoło* (cheerfully).

{{item:958328}}

### More Practice with Adverbs

Let's look at a few more adverbs ending in **-nie** derived from **-ny** adjectives. Notice how they perfectly describe the verbs *jeździć* (to drive) and *śpiewać* (to sing).

{{item:958331}}

{{item:958340}}

Finally, adverbs are sometimes used as intensifiers before adjectives, much like in English. For instance, *strasznie* (terribly) can be used to mean "very" or "awfully."

{{item:958337}}

Forming adverbs from adjectives (-o, -e)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
careful	uważny
This student is careful and listens carefully.	Ten uczeń jest uważny i słucha uważnie.
She always reads documents carefully.	Ona zawsze uważnie czyta dokumenty.
clear	wyraźny
Please speak clearly.	Proszę mówić wyraźnie.
The address is not clear, please write clearly.	Adres nie jest wyraźny, proszę pisać wyraźnie.
serious	poważny
This problem is serious, we must talk seriously.	Ten problem jest poważny, musimy rozmawiać poważnie.
Are you serious, sir?	Czy pan mówi poważnie?
easy	łatwy
The Polish language is not easy.	Język polski nie jest łatwy.
It is easy to understand this.	Łatwo to zrozumieć.
nice (pleasant, kind)	miły
This waiter is very nice.	Ten kelner jest bardzo miły.
It is nice here, isn't it?	Tutaj jest miło, prawda?
cheerful	wesoły
This is a cheerful boy.	To jest wesoły chłopak.
The children are playing cheerfully in the park.	Dzieci wesoło bawią się w parku.
safe	bezpieczny
This old car is not safe.	Ten stary samochód nie jest bezpieczny.
The driver must drive safely.	Kierowca musi jeździć bezpiecznie.
dangerous	niebezpieczny
This big dog is dangerous.	Ten duży pies jest niebezpieczny.
He drives very dangerously.	On jeździ bardzo niebezpiecznie.
terrible (scary, frightening)	straszny
Yesterday there was a terrible wind.	Wczoraj był straszny wiatr.
This soup is terribly cold!	Ta zupa jest strasznie zimna!
wonderful	cudowny
That was a wonderful weekend.	To był cudowny weekend.
You sing wonderfully, madam!	Pani śpiewa cudownie!
seriously	poważnie
I am serious.	Mówię poważnie.
Seriously? I don't believe it!	Poważnie? Nie wierzę!
calmly, quietly	spokojnie
Please speak calmly.	Proszę mówić spokojnie.
The children are sleeping peacefully.	Dzieci spokojnie śpią.
easily; it is easy (impersonal)	łatwo
It is easy to do.	Łatwo to zrobić.
Here one can easily find work.	Tu można łatwo znaleźć pracę.

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