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### Carrying Right Now (**Nieść**)

When carrying an item by hand in a single direction right now, use the verb **nieść** (unidirectional). The multidirectional equivalent for carrying habitually or generally is **nosić**.

Notice how the root vowel of **nieść** changes between **o** and **e** depending on the subject:

| Pronoun | Form |
|---|---|
| **ja** | niosę |
| **ty** | niesiesz |
| **on / ona / ono** | niesie |
| **my** | niesiemy |
| **wy** | niesiecie |
| **oni / one** | niosą |

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### Prefixes: Single Trip vs. Habitual

You can add prefixes to specify direction. These come in pairs based on whether the action is a single event or a repeating routine:
- The base **-nosić** is used for habitual actions or continuous processes (imperfective).
- The base **-nieść** is used for single, completed actions (perfective).

#### Bringing (**Przynosić** and **Przynieść**)

The prefix **przy-** means bringing an object toward someone or a location. Use the imperfective **przynosić** for bringing things repeatedly.

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Use the perfective **przynieść** for a single, completed action of bringing an item.

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#### Taking Somewhere (**Zanosić** and **Zanieść**)

The prefix **za-** means taking an object away to a destination. Use **zanosić** for a routine, repeated, or ongoing action:

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Use the perfective **zanieść** for a single, completed trip. Because it is based on **nieść**, it uses the same root changes for the future tense (like **zaniosę**) and commands (like **zanieśmy**).

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#### Taking Out (**Wynosić** and **Wynieść**)

The prefix **wy-** means taking an object out of a place (like carrying boxes outside or taking out the garbage). For habitual actions, use the imperfective **wynosić**.

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For a single, completed event, use the perfective **wynieść**. Note that in the masculine past tense, the **e** in the root shifts to **ó** (e.g., **wyniósł**).

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Carrying and bringing (nieść, przynosić)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
to carry	nieść
basket (small)	koszyk
I am carrying a heavy basket.	Niosę ciężki koszyk.
crate	skrzynka
Why are you carrying this crate?	Dlaczego niesiesz tę skrzynkę?
to bring (imperfective)	przynosić
The waiter always brings us water.	Kelner zawsze przynosi nam wodę.
to take (somewhere, imperfective)	zanosić
briefcase	teczka
He prefers to take the briefcase to the office every day.	On woli codziennie zanosić teczkę do biura.
to take (somewhere)	zanieść
bucket	wiadro
Let's take this bucket to the garden.	Zanieśmy to wiadro do ogrodu.
Tomorrow I will take these documents to the office.	Jutro zaniosę te dokumenty do biura.
I often take a basket of apples to grandma.	Często zanoszę koszyk jabłek do babci.
The employee always takes the documents to the boss.	Pracownik zawsze zanosi dokumenty szefowi.
to carry out	wynieść
Can you take out the garbage?	Czy możesz wynieść śmieci?
He took out the heavy crate.	Wyniósł ciężką skrzynkę.
to carry out (imperfective)	wynosić
Tomorrow I will be taking out these boxes.	Jutro będę wynosić te pudełka.
We take out the garbage every day.	Codziennie wynosimy śmieci.
Please bring me a bucket of water.	Proszę przynieść mi wiadro wody.
He brought me a new briefcase.	Przyniósł mi nową teczkę.
Why are they bringing crates here?	Dlaczego przynoszą tu skrzynki?

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