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### Adjective government

In Polish, many adjectives are "picky"—they must be paired with a specific preposition, which in turn forces the following noun into a specific case. This concept is known as adjective government (*rekcja przymiotnika*). We will practice these essential pairings while discussing industry, natural resources, and regional exports.

### Adjectives paired with the Genitive case

Several high-frequency adjectives pair with prepositions that require the **Genitive** case. 

When you want to say someone is "proud of" or a place is "known/famous for" something, use the preposition *z* followed by the Genitive:
- *znany z* (known for)
- *słynny z* (famous for)
- *dumny z* (proud of)

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Similarly, use the Genitive when expressing dependency or readiness. You will need the prepositions *od* (from/on) and *do* (to/for):
- *zależny od* (dependent on)
- *gotowy do* (ready for)

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### Adjectives paired with the Accusative case

Other adjectives require prepositions that trigger the **Accusative** case. 

When describing the durability of materials or machinery, use *na* + Accusative. When discussing abundance, such as a region full of natural deposits (*złoża*), use *w* + Accusative:
- *odporny na* (resistant to)
- *bogaty w* (rich in)

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Adjective prepositions (znany z, bogaty w)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
region	region
extraction	wydobycie
This region is known for coal extraction.	Ten region jest znany z wydobycia węgla.
Extraction in this region is expensive.	Wydobycie w tym regionie jest drogie.
industry (manufacturing, production)	przemysł
dependent	zależny
export	eksport
Our industry is dependent on export.	Nasz przemysł jest zależny od eksportu.
Coal export is more dependent on the weather.	Eksport węgla jest bardziej zależny od pogody.
mine	kopalnia
This old mine is not ready for extraction.	Ta stara kopalnia nie jest gotowa do wydobycia.
proud	dumny
My boss is very proud of this export.	Mój szef jest bardzo dumny z tego eksportu.
We are proud of our new mine.	Jesteśmy dumni z naszej nowej kopalni.
resistant	odporny
This material is not resistant to water and salt.	Ten materiał nie jest odporny na wodę i sól.
This new machine is resistant to frost.	Ta nowa maszyna jest odporna na mróz.
deposit (geological, minerals)	złoże
This region is rich in silver deposits.	Ten region jest bogaty w złoża srebra.
famous	słynny
This famous deposit is rich in diamonds.	To słynne złoże jest bogate w diamenty.
Either you will buy this deposit, or you will lose the whole industry.	Albo kupicie to złoże, albo stracicie cały przemysł.
This region is famous for the extraction of gold.	Ten region jest słynny z wydobycia złota.