Learn Italian: Quando hai fame, la debolezza ti rende vulnerabile e intrattabile. - When you are hungry, weakness makes you vulnerable and cranky.

When "make" means changing someone's state or condition (like making them vulnerable), Italian uses rendere followed by an adjective. The verb fare is used instead when making someone do an action, which requires an infinitive verb.

Why is there a la before debolezza?

While English drops the article for general or abstract concepts like "weakness", Italian requires the definite article. This is a common rule to remember: abstract nouns in Italian almost always need their article.

What exactly does intrattabile mean in this context?

It literally means "untreatable" or "unmanageable". When used to describe a person, as it is here, it means they are incredibly cranky, irritable, or impossible to deal with.

Would vulnerabile and intrattabile change if the speaker were talking to a woman?

No, they would stay exactly the same. Adjectives that end in -e in their singular form do not change for gender. They only change their ending to -i when describing plural nouns.