Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

### The verb *dovere* (must, to have to)

To express obligations, duties, or rules, use the irregular verb **dovere**. Like other modal verbs, conjugate **dovere** to match the subject and leave the action verb that follows in the infinitive (the dictionary form).

| Pronoun | Dovere |
| --- | --- |
| io | devo |
| tu | devi |
| lui / lei / Lei | deve |
| noi | dobbiamo |
| voi | dovete |
| loro | devono |

Notice how the second verb (**preparare**, **lavare**) remains unchanged:

{{item:804816}}

{{item:804818}}

{{item:804819}}

### Discussing responsibilities and rules

Use **dovere** to talk about chores, daily responsibilities, or strict rules.

{{item:804825}}

{{item:804826}}

{{item:804830}}

### Explaining why you must do something

**Dovere** is often used alongside reasons, such as stating why you cannot do something else or dividing up tasks.

{{item:804835}}

{{item:804840}}

The verb must (dovere)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (io sono)

Singular definite articles (il, la)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Past tense of modal verbs

Question	Answer
must	dovere
to prepare	preparare
exam	l'esame
I have to prepare for the exam today.	Devo preparare l'esame oggi.
to wash	lavare
You have to wash the dishes.	Devi lavare i piatti.
Marco has to wash the car.	Marco deve lavare la macchina.
assignment	il compito
The student has to finish the homework.	Lo studente deve finire il compito.
We have to prepare the luggage tonight.	Dobbiamo preparare i bagagli stasera.
to respect	rispettare
rule	la regola
We must respect the rules.	Dobbiamo rispettare le regole.
You all have to do the homework.	Dovete fare i compiti.
to help	aiutare
You all have to help grandma.	Dovete aiutare la nonna.
to call	chiamare
They have to call the doctor immediately.	Devono chiamare subito il dottore.
The exam is difficult, they have to study.	L'esame è difficile, devono studiare.
It is important to respect the rules.	È importante rispettare le regole.
to cook	cucinare
I am hungry, I have to cook the pasta.	Ho fame, devo cucinare la pasta.
I can't help, I have to prepare dinner.	Non posso aiutare, devo preparare la cena.
You have to go to the station.	Devi andare alla stazione.
to drive	guidare
He cannot drive, he is tired.	Lui non può guidare, è stanco.
What time do we have to call the doctor?	A che ora dobbiamo chiamare il medico?
Today I must cook dinner and you must drive the car.	Oggi io devo cucinare la cena e tu devi guidare la macchina.
the test, the proof	la prova
I have to study for the test.	Devo studiare per la prova.
The test is difficult, but I am ready.	La prova è difficile, ma sono pronto.
the course (un corso di italiano)	il corso
I am taking an Italian course.	Seguo un corso di italiano.
The course starts tomorrow.	Il corso inizia domani.

Contributors