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### The Formal "Whom" and "Which"

In Italian, **cui** means "whom" or "which" after a preposition. However, in formal and professional contexts, it is common to use **il quale** instead. Unlike *cui*, **il quale** changes to match the gender and number of the noun it refers to.

| | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| **Singular** | il quale | la quale |
| **Plural** | i quali | le quali |

If a preposition normally merges with definite articles (like **di**, **a**, **da**, or **in**), it merges with the article in **il quale**. For example, **di** + **la quale** becomes **della quale** ("about which" or "of which").

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Prepositions that do not merge with articles, like **con** (with) and **per** (for), simply stay separate.

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### Plural Forms and Agreement

Always look at the noun you are replacing to determine the correct gender and number. *Lo scopo* (masculine singular) takes **il quale**, while *le aziende* (feminine plural) takes **le quali**.

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The same agreement rules apply when using a merged preposition. To refer back to a masculine singular noun like *l'imprenditore*, **di** + **il quale** becomes **del quale**.

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Relative pronouns with prepositions (il quale, la quale)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (io sono)

Singular definite articles (il, la)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Question	Answer
the conference	la conferenza
who, which, whom (also la quale, i quali, le quali)	il quale
to discuss	discutere
This is the conference we discussed.	Questa è la conferenza della quale abbiamo discusso.
the entrepreneur	l'imprenditore
current, present	attuale
The entrepreneur with whom I work tries to solve the current problem.	L'imprenditore con il quale lavoro cerca di risolvere il problema attuale.
to collaborate	collaborare
financial	finanziario
The colleagues with whom I collaborate understand the financial sector.	I colleghi con i quali collaboro capiscono il settore finanziario.
the purpose, the aim	lo scopo
the advantage	il vantaggio
The purpose for which we work offers a big advantage.	Lo scopo per il quale lavoriamo offre un grande vantaggio.
the employee	il dipendente
Before starting the conference, the employees talked with us.	Prima di iniziare la conferenza, i dipendenti hanno parlato con noi.
The companies with which we collaborate have a new financial project.	Le aziende con le quali collaboriamo hanno un nuovo progetto finanziario.
The entrepreneur's purpose is to change the current situation.	Lo scopo dell'imprenditore è cambiare la situazione attuale.
The employees for whom we buy coffee are tired.	I dipendenti per i quali compriamo il caffè sono stanchi.
We decided to talk with the colleagues before collaborating.	Abbiamo deciso di parlare con i colleghi prima di collaborare.
The current conference is important for our financial success.	La conferenza attuale è importante per il nostro successo finanziario.
The reason for which we have this advantage is a secret.	Il motivo per il quale abbiamo questo vantaggio è un segreto.
The entrepreneur about whom we are speaking tries to listen to the employees.	L'imprenditore del quale parliamo cerca di ascoltare i dipendenti.
The colleague with whom I discuss the project is intelligent.	Il collega con il quale discuto il progetto è intelligente.