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### Formal Prepositions of Means

When drafting grant applications, funding proposals, or other formal documents, you frequently need to explain *how* a goal will be achieved or *how* funds will be delivered. Instead of the everyday *con* (with), formal Italian prefers specific prepositions of means and mediation.

### Tramite

**Tramite** translates closely to "through" or "by means of." It is ideal for expressing that an objective is reached via an intermediary, such as a person, an institution (*l'ente*), or a partnership (*il partenariato*).

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### Mediante

**Mediante** also means "by means of." It carries a slightly more instrumental or procedural tone than *tramite*, making it perfect for describing the exact mechanism used to disburse a grant (*erogare la sovvenzione*) or implement a project.

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### Attraverso

You may already know **attraverso** as a spatial preposition meaning "across" or "through" (like walking through a room). In formal and academic writing, it is widely used figuratively to mean "through a process" or "by way of."

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### Formulating Professional Proposals

These three prepositions—*tramite*, *mediante*, and *attraverso*—are largely interchangeable in bureaucratic writing. Pairing them with formal verbs like *conseguire* (to achieve) and *erogare* (to disburse) instantly elevates your Italian to a professional standard.

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Prepositions of means (tramite, mediante, attraverso)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (io sono)

Singular definite articles (il, la)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Question	Answer
the funding	il finanziamento
through / by means of	tramite
the entity / the institution	l'ente
We obtained the funding through the institution.	Abbiamo ottenuto il finanziamento tramite l'ente.
to achieve (a degree, result)	conseguire
the partnership	il partenariato
How would one achieve this objective through the partnership?	Come si conseguirebbe questo obiettivo tramite il partenariato?
to disburse	erogare
the grant	la sovvenzione
by means of	mediante
The institution disbursed the grant by means of the payment.	L'ente ha erogato la sovvenzione mediante il pagamento.
to implement	implementare
One implements the project by means of the fund.	Si implementa il progetto mediante il fondo.
through / across (physical space)	attraverso
They had already implemented something new through the funding.	Avevano già implementato qualcosa di nuovo attraverso il finanziamento.
Through a partnership, we would achieve better results.	Attraverso un partenariato, conseguiremmo risultati migliori.
One disburses the grants through the committee.	Si erogano le sovvenzioni tramite il comitato.
The scientist had achieved the objective by means of the institution.	Lo scienziato aveva conseguito l'obiettivo mediante l'ente.
We would disburse the funding through the association.	Erogheremmo il finanziamento attraverso l'associazione.
To implement the partnership, we requested a grant.	Per implementare il partenariato, abbiamo richiesto una sovvenzione.
One would achieve the purpose through this method.	Si conseguirebbe lo scopo tramite questo metodo.
The institution had evaluated something important by means of the document.	L'ente aveva valutato qualcosa di importante mediante il documento.
to transfer	trasferire
I transferred the money through the bank.	Ho trasferito i soldi tramite la banca.
The data were transferred to another computer.	I dati sono stati trasferiti su un altro computer.

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