Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

In compound tenses with the auxiliary *avere*, the past participle usually ends in **-o**—unless preceded by a direct object pronoun (*lo*, *la*, *li*, *le*), which requires agreement. 

When the relative pronoun **che** (that/which) acts as the direct object, making the past participle agree with the noun it replaces is **optional**.

While you can safely leave the ending as **-o**, making it agree is considered elegant and is common in written Italian. Notice how the past participles below match the gender and number of the preceding nouns (*le cianfrusaglie*, *i libri*):

{{item:853068}}

{{item:853073}}

### Decluttering Your Space

When it is time to tidy up (**riordinare**), you often deal with boxes or piles (**il mucchio**) of things that clutter (**ingombrare**) the room. During the sorting process (**la cernita**), you decide what to keep and what is completely unusable (**inservibile**) and ready to be discarded (**scartare**).

{{item:853078}}

{{item:853081}}

It is easy to throw away broken things, but it is often much harder to get rid of (**sbarazzarsi di**) objects that carry emotional (**affettivo**) weight.

{{item:853083}}

{{item:853085}}

Past participle agreement with che

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (io sono)

Singular definite articles (il, la)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Question	Answer
knick-knack	la cianfrusaglia
to accumulate	accumulare
The knick-knacks that I have accumulated are too many.	Le cianfrusaglie che ho accumulate sono troppe.
to get rid of	sbarazzarsi
pile	il mucchio
I want to get rid of this pile of knick-knacks.	Voglio sbarazzarmi di questo mucchio di cianfrusaglie.
to tidy up (to put back in order)	riordinare
I must tidy up the books that I have accumulated over the years.	Devo riordinare i libri che ho accumulati negli anni.
unusable	inservibile
to discard	scartare
The unusable printers, I discarded them all.	Le stampanti inservibili, le ho scartate tutte.
sorting	la cernita
During the sorting, I saw the photos that you discarded.	Durante la cernita, ho visto le foto che hai scartate.
to clutter	ingombrare
These piles of clothes clutter the room.	Questi mucchi di vestiti ingombrano la stanza.
The boxes that you have accumulated clutter the room.	Le scatole che hai accumulate ingombrano la stanza.
emotional	affettivo
I know that it is difficult to get rid of objects with an emotional value.	So che è difficile sbarazzarsi degli oggetti con un valore affettivo.
While I tidy up, I finish the sorting of the unusable things.	Mentre riordino, finisco la cernita delle cose inservibili.
The frames that I have discarded have an emotional value.	Le cornici che ho scartate hanno un valore affettivo.