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### Sequencing with "dopo"

To talk about what happened *after* an action was completed, Italian uses **dopo** (after) followed by the past infinitive of the verb.

For verbs of motion—like **salire** (to get on) and **scendere** (to get off)—form the past infinitive with **essere** followed by the past participle. 

Just like in other past tenses, when **essere** is the helper verb, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject (changing to **-o**, **-a**, **-i**, or **-e**).

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### Saying "before"

To say *before* doing something, use **prima di**. 

Unlike *dopo*, **prima di** is simply followed by the infinitive.

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### Using "avere"

Most other verbs form their past infinitive with the helper verb **avere**.

When using *avere* in this pattern, drop its final **-e** to make **aver**. Because the helper verb is *avere*, the past participle does not change—it always ends in **-o**.

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Past infinitive with dopo (dopo aver..., dopo essere...)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (io sono)

Singular definite articles (il, la)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Question	Answer
after	dopo
to get on, to go up	salire
ride, carousel	la giostra
to laugh	ridere
After getting on the ride, we laughed a lot.	Dopo essere saliti sulla giostra, abbiamo riso molto.
to get off, to go down	scendere
vertigo, dizziness	la vertigine
After getting off the ride I felt dizzy, so I sat down.	Dopo essere sceso dalla giostra avevo le vertigini, quindi mi sono seduto.
token	il gettone
kiosk, stand	il chiosco
Before getting on, we have to buy tokens at the kiosk.	Prima di salire, dobbiamo comprare i gettoni al chiosco.
After buying the tokens, we discovered the mistake.	Dopo aver comprato i gettoni, abbiamo scoperto lo sbaglio.
wheel	la ruota
panoramic	panoramico
After getting on the Ferris wheel, we saw the city.	Dopo essere saliti sulla ruota panoramica, abbiamo visto la città.
I was happy because, after getting off the Ferris wheel, I wasn't dizzy.	Ero felice perché, dopo essere scesa dalla ruota panoramica, non avevo le vertigini.
The boys laughed after seeing the ride.	I ragazzi hanno riso dopo aver visto la giostra.
After finding a token near the kiosk, the girl got on the ride.	Dopo aver trovato un gettone vicino al chiosco, la ragazza è salita sulla giostra.
After getting off the Ferris wheel, we went to the restaurant.	Dopo essere scesi dalla ruota panoramica, siamo andati al ristorante.
After having tried the ride, the little girl had vertigo.	Dopo aver provato la giostra, la bambina ha avuto le vertigini.
We were laughing while the Ferris wheel was turning.	Ridevamo mentre la ruota panoramica girava.
After getting off, I bought a token at that kiosk.	Dopo essere sceso, ho comprato un gettone in quel chiosco.

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