Breakdown of Hefur þú tjaldað í Evrópu?
þú
you
í
in / into / to (before the hour, in telling time) / per (in frequency expressions)
hafa
to have
tjalda
to camp
Questions & Answers about Hefur þú tjaldað í Evrópu?
How is the word tjaldað formed here?
Tjaldað is the supine (or sagnbót) form of the verb tjalda (to camp). For Group 1 weak verbs—which end in -ar in the present tense, like hann tjaldar (he camps)—you simply add -ð to the infinitive form. That makes tjalda into tjaldað.
How does the present perfect tense work in this sentence?
Just like in English, you use a form of the helper verb hafa (to have) paired with the supine form of the main verb (tjaldað). Because the subject is þú (you), we use hefur. This structure is perfect for asking about general past experiences without stating exactly when they happened.
Why does Evrópa change to Evrópu in this sentence?
The preposition í (in) forces the word that follows it into the dative case when you are talking about a stationary location. Evrópa is a feminine noun, and its dative form ends in -u, making it Evrópu.
Why is hefur the very first word in the sentence?
To ask a yes/no question in Icelandic, you put the verb first. Instead of the statement Þú hefur tjaldað (You have camped), you flip the verb and subject to make it Hefur þú tjaldað? (Have you camped?).