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Icelandic

### The Impersonal Pronoun "maður"

In Icelandic, the word *maður* (a man/person) is frequently used as an impersonal pronoun, equivalent to the English "one" or the generic "you." Just like a regular noun, this pronoun changes its form depending on its grammatical role.

| Case | Form | English |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | maður | one (subject) |
| Accusative | mann | one (direct object) |
| Dative | manni | one (indirect object) |
| Genitive | manns | one's (possessive) |

### Accusative: mann

When "one" is the direct object of an action, use the accusative form, **mann**. For example, the verb *trufla* (to disturb) governs the accusative case.

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### Dative: manni

When "one" is an indirect object, or the object of a verb that dictates the dative case—like *valda* (to cause) or *gefa* (to give)—use **manni**.

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You must also use **manni** when "one" is the logical subject of an impersonal verb like *líða* (to feel). Icelandic structures this as "to one feels."

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### Genitive: manns

To say "one's" to indicate possession, use the genitive form, **manns**. In Icelandic, the possessor typically comes *after* the thing being possessed (e.g., *geðslag manns* for "one's mood").

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Impersonal pronoun cases (mann, manni, manns)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative and the definite suffix (þetta er, -inn, -in, -ið)

Singular pronouns and to be (ég er, þú ert)

Singular adjective agreement

Yes/no questions (ert þú…?)

Basic negation (ekki)

Plural pronouns and to be (við erum, þeir eru)

Group 1 weak verbs (-ar)

Group 2 and 3 verbs (-ir, -ur)

Information questions (hvað, hver, hvar)

Expressing opinions (mér finnst, mér líkar)

Expressing desires (mig langar)

Numbers 1 to 10 (einn, tveir, þrír)

Direct objects on indefinite nouns

Direct objects on definite nouns

Singular object pronouns (mig, þig...)

Plural object pronouns (okkur, ykkur...)

Directional prepositions (um, í, á)

Verb-second word order

Expressing intentions (ætla að)

Needs and wants (þurfa, vilja)

Middle voice verbs (-st)

Possessive pronouns (minn, þinn)

Dative case with prepositions (í, á, frá)

Definite dative nouns (-num, -nni, -nu)

Dative personal pronouns (honum, henni, þeim)

Plural nouns (-ar, -ir, -ur)

Definite plural nouns (-nir, -nar, -in)

Accusative plural nouns

Number agreement 1 to 4 (einn, tveir…)

Singular commands

Past tense of the verb to be (var, vorum)

Present continuous (vera að)

Strong verbs in the present tense

Weather and dummy subjects (það)

Invariable possessive pronouns (hans, hennar, þeirra)

Accusative possessives (minn, þinn)

Accompaniment (með)

Dative plural (-um, -unum)

Compound sentences (og, en, eða)

"This" in the nominative (þessi, þessi, þetta)

"This" in the accusative (þennan, þessa, þetta)

Accusative adjectives (-an, -a, -t)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the accusative (einn, tvo, þrjá)

Third-person reflexive pronouns (sig, sér)

The preposition "to" with the genitive (til)

Subordinating conjunctions (að, af því að)

Simple past of weak verbs (-aði)

Question words (hvernig, hvaða)

Physical possession (vera með)

Abstract possession (hafa)

Telling time (hálf, korter)

Plural commands (-ið)

The simple past tense (-di, -ti, -ði)

Possessive noun endings (-s, -ar)

Days of the week (á mánudaginn, á mánudögum)

Kveðjur — greetings (halló, bless)

Um mig — where I am from

Kurteisi — please, sorry, congratulations

Ability and knowing how (kunna að)

Permission (mega)

Obligation (eiga að)

Plural strong verbs

Numbers 11 to 20 (ellefu, tólf...)

Counting by tens to 100 (þrjátíu, fjörutíu...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (fyrsti, annar...)

All / everything / everyone (allur)

The indefinite pronoun someone (einhver)

The indefinite pronoun no one (enginn)

Compound numbers from 21 (tuttugu og)

This in the dative singular (þessum, þessari, þessu)

These in the dative plural (þessum)

My and your in the dative (mínum, þínum)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the dative (einum, tveimur)

Adjectives in the dative singular (-um, -ri, -u)

Adjectives in the dative plural (-um)

Reflexive possessive in the accusative (sinn, sína, sitt)

Reflexive possessive in the dative (sínum, sinni)

Reflexive versus regular possessives (sinn, hans)

Demonstrative plural (þessir, þessar, þessi)

Definite genitive singular (-sins, -arinnar)

Indefinite genitive plural (-a)

Definite genitive plural (-anna)

Genitive prepositions (án, milli, vegna)

Prepositions of direction (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Prepositions of static location (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Question	Answer
the crush	troðningurinn
the irritation	pirringurinn
The crush always causes one irritation.	Troðningurinn veldur manni alltaf pirringi.
impolite	ókurteis
the fellow traveler	samferðamaðurinn
An impolite fellow traveler always disturbs one.	Ókurteis samferðamaður truflar mann alltaf.
to push one's way	ryðjast
One feels bad when people are pushing their way in the crush.	Manni líður illa þegar fólkið er að ryðjast í troðningnum.
inconsiderate	tillitslaus
An inconsiderate fellow traveler gives one no space.	Tillitslaus samferðamaður gefur manni ekkert pláss.
the mood	geðslagið
The irritation spoils one's mood in the morning.	Pirringurinn skemmir geðslag manns á morgnana.
to disturb (peace, balance)	raska
the peace of mind	hugarróin
The noise on the train disturbs one's peace of mind.	Hávaðinn í lestinni raskar hugarró manns.
An impolite passenger disturbs one's peace of mind.	Ókurteis farþegi raskar hugarró manns.
It disturbs one's peace of mind when the fellow traveler is impolite.	Það raskar hugarró manns þegar samferðamaðurinn er ókurteis.
Inconsiderate people push their way in the crush and disturb one.	Tillitslaust fólk ryðst í troðningnum og truflar mann.
the presence	nærveran
A friend's presence gives one peace of mind in the crush.	Nærvera vinar gefur manni hugarró í troðningnum.
The presence of rude people disturbs one.	Nærvera dónalegs fólks truflar mann.
The crowding on the bus disturbs one's mood.	Troðningurinn í strætó raskar geðslagi manns.