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Icelandic

In this lesson, we cover vocabulary for accidents and emergencies. To describe circumstances, causes, and locations, we need a special group of prepositions that force the following noun into the **genitive case**.

### Án (without)

The preposition **án** means "without". Like the other prepositions in this lesson, it requires the noun that follows it to be in the genitive. When talking about missing safety gear, we typically use the indefinite genitive form.

| Nominative | Genitive | Example |
|---|---|---|
| *hjálmur* (a helmet) | **hjálms** | *án hjálms* (without a helmet) |
| *bílbelti* (a seatbelt) | **bílbeltis** | *án bílbeltis* (without a seatbelt) |

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### Vegna (because of)

The preposition **vegna** translates to "because of" or "due to". When discussing specific, known things—like "the accident" or "the traffic"—you must use the **definite genitive** form of the noun.

| Definite Nominative | Definite Genitive | Example |
|---|---|---|
| *slysið* (the accident) | **slyssins** | *vegna slyssins* (because of the accident) |
| *umferðin* (the traffic) | **umferðarinnar** | *vegna umferðarinnar* (because of the traffic) |

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### Milli (between)

The preposition **milli** means "between". Because you are usually between multiple things or people, it is most often followed by plural nouns or pronouns in the genitive.

For example, *við* (we) becomes **okkar** (us) in the genitive, and the definite plural *sjúkrahúsin* (the hospitals) becomes **sjúkrahúsanna** (using the standard **-anna** definite genitive plural suffix).

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Genitive prepositions (án, milli, vegna)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative and the definite suffix (þetta er, -inn, -in, -ið)

Singular pronouns and to be (ég er, þú ert)

Singular adjective agreement

Yes/no questions (ert þú…?)

Basic negation (ekki)

Plural pronouns and to be (við erum, þeir eru)

Group 1 weak verbs (-ar)

Group 2 and 3 verbs (-ir, -ur)

Information questions (hvað, hver, hvar)

Expressing opinions (mér finnst, mér líkar)

Expressing desires (mig langar)

Numbers 1 to 10 (einn, tveir, þrír)

Direct objects on indefinite nouns

Direct objects on definite nouns

Singular object pronouns (mig, þig...)

Plural object pronouns (okkur, ykkur...)

Directional prepositions (um, í, á)

Verb-second word order

Expressing intentions (ætla að)

Needs and wants (þurfa, vilja)

Middle voice verbs (-st)

Possessive pronouns (minn, þinn)

Dative case with prepositions (í, á, frá)

Definite dative nouns (-num, -nni, -nu)

Dative personal pronouns (honum, henni, þeim)

Plural nouns (-ar, -ir, -ur)

Definite plural nouns (-nir, -nar, -in)

Accusative plural nouns

Number agreement 1 to 4 (einn, tveir…)

Singular commands

Past tense of the verb to be (var, vorum)

Present continuous (vera að)

Strong verbs in the present tense

Weather and dummy subjects (það)

Invariable possessive pronouns (hans, hennar, þeirra)

Accusative possessives (minn, þinn)

Accompaniment (með)

Dative plural (-um, -unum)

Compound sentences (og, en, eða)

"This" in the nominative (þessi, þessi, þetta)

"This" in the accusative (þennan, þessa, þetta)

Accusative adjectives (-an, -a, -t)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the accusative (einn, tvo, þrjá)

Third-person reflexive pronouns (sig, sér)

The preposition "to" with the genitive (til)

Subordinating conjunctions (að, af því að)

Simple past of weak verbs (-aði)

Question words (hvernig, hvaða)

Physical possession (vera með)

Abstract possession (hafa)

Telling time (hálf, korter)

Plural commands (-ið)

The simple past tense (-di, -ti, -ði)

Possessive noun endings (-s, -ar)

Days of the week (á mánudaginn, á mánudögum)

Kveðjur — greetings (halló, bless)

Um mig — where I am from

Kurteisi — please, sorry, congratulations

Ability and knowing how (kunna að)

Permission (mega)

Obligation (eiga að)

Plural strong verbs

Numbers 11 to 20 (ellefu, tólf...)

Counting by tens to 100 (þrjátíu, fjörutíu...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (fyrsti, annar...)

All / everything / everyone (allur)

The indefinite pronoun someone (einhver)

The indefinite pronoun no one (enginn)

Compound numbers from 21 (tuttugu og)

This in the dative singular (þessum, þessari, þessu)

These in the dative plural (þessum)

My and your in the dative (mínum, þínum)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the dative (einum, tveimur)

Adjectives in the dative singular (-um, -ri, -u)

Adjectives in the dative plural (-um)

Reflexive possessive in the accusative (sinn, sína, sitt)

Reflexive possessive in the dative (sínum, sinni)

Reflexive versus regular possessives (sinn, hans)

Demonstrative plural (þessir, þessar, þessi)

Definite genitive singular (-sins, -arinnar)

Indefinite genitive plural (-a)

Definite genitive plural (-anna)

Prepositions of direction (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Prepositions of static location (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Weak adjectives in the nominative (-i, -a, -a)

Question	Answer
without	án
the helmet	hjálmurinn
He was cycling without a helmet.	Hann var að hjóla án hjálms.
He was without a helmet, but he was wearing a beanie.	Hann var án hjálms en hann var með húfu.
the seatbelt	bílbeltið
You were driving without a seatbelt.	Þú varst að keyra án bílbeltis.
the police	lögreglan
The police stop him because he is without a seatbelt.	Lögreglan stoppar hann af því að hann er án bílbeltis.
the accident	slysið
The accident was bad.	Slysið var slæmt.
the traffic	umferðin
because of	vegna
The traffic is heavy because of the accident.	Umferðin er mikil vegna slyssins.
The police are helping her because of the accident.	Lögreglan er að hjálpa henni vegna slyssins.
We arrive late because of the traffic.	Við mætum seint vegna umferðarinnar.
the ambulance	sjúkrabíllinn
Are the ambulances stopping because of the traffic?	Eru sjúkrabílarnir að stoppa vegna umferðarinnar?
between	milli
The ambulance is driving between the hospitals.	Sjúkrabíllinn er að keyra milli sjúkrahúsanna.
The police stand between cars because of the accident.	Lögreglan stendur milli bíla vegna slyssins.
the witness	vitnið
The witness sees the accident.	Vitnið sér slysið.
The witness stands between us.	Vitnið stendur milli okkar.
The police are stopping the traffic.	Lögreglan er að stoppa umferðina.
We wait here without the police.	Við bíðum hérna án lögreglunnar.