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Icelandic

### "Quirky" Subjects in Icelandic

In English, we say "I think" or "I like". In Icelandic, the verbs for these actions require the person experiencing the feeling to take the **dative** case. Instead of using the normal subject pronoun *ég* (I), you use **mér** (me). Instead of *þú* (you), you use **þér** (you). 

Because these dative pronouns act exactly like the subject of the sentence, they are often called "quirky subjects."

### Finnast (To think / To find)

Use the verb **finnast** to express a personal opinion. It works just like saying "I find [something] [adjective]" in English. The verb takes the form **finnst** for both *mér* and *þér*.

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### Líka (To like)

To say you like something, use the verb **líka**. Just like *finnast*, it requires a quirky dative subject. The verb takes the form **líkar** for both *mér* and *þér*.

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You can also ask "how" someone likes something using the question word **hvernig**:

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To emphasize that you like something a lot, add the phrase **mjög vel** (very well) at the end of the sentence.

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### Describing Things

When using *finnast* with an adjective to judge something, you can make the opinion negative by placing **ekki** (not) right before the adjective.

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If you are expressing an opinion about a general situation or an unspecific "this", use the pronoun **þetta**. The adjective that follows must be in its neuter form, such as **skemmtilegt** instead of the masculine *skemmtilegur*.

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Expressing opinions (mér finnst, mér líkar)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative and the definite suffix (þetta er, -inn, -in, -ið)

Singular pronouns and to be (ég er, þú ert)

Singular adjective agreement

Yes/no questions (ert þú…?)

Basic negation (ekki)

Plural pronouns and to be (við erum, þeir eru)

Group 1 weak verbs (-ar)

Group 2 and 3 verbs (-ir, -ur)

Information questions (hvað, hver, hvar)

Expressing desires (mig langar)

Numbers 1 to 10 (einn, tveir, þrír)

Direct objects on indefinite nouns

Direct objects on definite nouns

Singular object pronouns (mig, þig...)

Plural object pronouns (okkur, ykkur...)

Directional prepositions (um, í, á)

Verb-second word order

Expressing intentions (ætla að)

Needs and wants (þurfa, vilja)

Middle voice verbs (-st)

Possessive pronouns (minn, þinn)

Dative case with prepositions (í, á, frá)

Definite dative nouns (-num, -nni, -nu)

Dative personal pronouns (honum, henni, þeim)

Plural nouns (-ar, -ir, -ur)

Definite plural nouns (-nir, -nar, -in)

Accusative plural nouns

Number agreement 1 to 4 (einn, tveir…)

Singular commands

Past tense of the verb to be (var, vorum)

Present continuous (vera að)

Strong verbs in the present tense

Weather and dummy subjects (það)

Invariable possessive pronouns (hans, hennar, þeirra)

Accusative possessives (minn, þinn)

Accompaniment (með)

Dative plural (-um, -unum)

Compound sentences (og, en, eða)

"This" in the nominative (þessi, þessi, þetta)

"This" in the accusative (þennan, þessa, þetta)

Accusative adjectives (-an, -a, -t)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the accusative (einn, tvo, þrjá)

Third-person reflexive pronouns (sig, sér)

The preposition "to" with the genitive (til)

Subordinating conjunctions (að, af því að)

Simple past of weak verbs (-aði)

Question words (hvernig, hvaða)

Physical possession (vera með)

Abstract possession (hafa)

Telling time (hálf, korter)

Plural commands (-ið)

The simple past tense (-di, -ti, -ði)

Possessive noun endings (-s, -ar)

Days of the week (á mánudaginn, á mánudögum)

Kveðjur — greetings (halló, bless)

Um mig — where I am from

Kurteisi — please, sorry, congratulations

Ability and knowing how (kunna að)

Permission (mega)

Obligation (eiga að)

Plural strong verbs

Numbers 11 to 20 (ellefu, tólf...)

Counting by tens to 100 (þrjátíu, fjörutíu...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (fyrsti, annar...)

All / everything / everyone (allur)

The indefinite pronoun someone (einhver)

The indefinite pronoun no one (enginn)

Compound numbers from 21 (tuttugu og)

This in the dative singular (þessum, þessari, þessu)

These in the dative plural (þessum)

My and your in the dative (mínum, þínum)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the dative (einum, tveimur)

Adjectives in the dative singular (-um, -ri, -u)

Adjectives in the dative plural (-um)

Reflexive possessive in the accusative (sinn, sína, sitt)

Reflexive possessive in the dative (sínum, sinni)

Reflexive versus regular possessives (sinn, hans)

Demonstrative plural (þessir, þessar, þessi)

Definite genitive singular (-sins, -arinnar)

Indefinite genitive plural (-a)

Definite genitive plural (-anna)

Genitive prepositions (án, milli, vegna)

Prepositions of direction (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Prepositions of static location (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Weak adjectives in the nominative (-i, -a, -a)

Question	Answer
to find, to think	finnast
you (dative singular)	þér
What do you think?	Hvað finnst þér?
me (dative)	mér
the food	maturinn
I think the food is good.	Mér finnst maturinn góður.
to like	líka
Do you like the food?	Líkar þér maturinn?
the movie	bíómyndin
How do you like the movie?	Hvernig líkar þér bíómyndin?
The movie is very old.	Bíómyndin er mjög gömul.
the music	tónlistin
fun	skemmtilegur
The music here is fun.	Tónlistin hér er skemmtileg.
I like the music very much.	Mér líkar tónlistin mjög vel.
the ice cream	ísinn
I do not think the ice cream is good.	Mér finnst ísinn ekki góður.
The ice cream here is always good.	Ísinn hér er alltaf góður.
boring	leiðinlegur
Do you think the school is boring?	Finnst þér skólinn leiðinlegur?
The man is often boring.	Maðurinn er oft leiðinlegur.
I find this very fun!	Mér finnst þetta mjög skemmtilegt!