Якщо не сортувати одяг, біла сорочка може стати іншого кольору.

Because Якщо не сортувати одяг is a subordinate if-clause, and Ukrainian separates it from the main clause with a comma:

Якщо не сортувати одяг, біла сорочка може стати іншого кольору.

This is the normal rule, just like English often uses a comma when the if-clause comes first.

Якщо means if.

It introduces a condition:

• Якщо не сортувати одяг... = If you do not sort the clothes...

It is one of the most common ways to make conditional sentences in Ukrainian.

Using the infinitive here makes the statement general and impersonal.

• Якщо не сортувати одяг... = If one does not sort the clothes / If you don’t sort the laundry
• Якщо не сортуєш одяг... = If you don’t sort the clothes addressed more directly to you

So the infinitive version sounds like a general warning, instruction, or rule, which is very natural in Ukrainian.

Because Ukrainian often leaves the subject unstated when the meaning is general.

In this sentence, the idea is not about a specific person. It means something like:

• If you don’t sort the laundry
• If clothes are not sorted
• If one does not sort clothing

English usually needs a subject, but Ukrainian can express this kind of general idea without one.

Одяг literally means clothing or clothes.

A useful point for English speakers: although English uses the plural clothes, Ukrainian often uses the singular noun одяг as a collective word.

In this sentence, it can be understood as:

• clothes
• clothing
• in context, even laundry

So сортувати одяг is basically to sort the clothes/laundry.

It is in the accusative case, because it is the direct object of сортувати.

You sort what?
→ одяг

For this masculine inanimate noun, the accusative singular looks the same as the nominative singular:

• nominative: одяг
• accusative: одяг

So the form does not change, but the function is accusative.

Because the adjective must agree with the noun in gender, number, and case.

• сорочка is feminine singular
• so білий becomes біла

That gives:

• біла сорочка = a white shirt

If the noun were masculine, you would use білий:

• білий стіл = a white table

Може стати means can become or may become.

It is made of:

• може = can / may
• стати = to become

So:

• біла сорочка може стати іншого кольору
  = a white shirt can become a different color

Here може expresses possibility, not permission.

Because стати means to become, while бути means to be.

This sentence describes a change of state:

• first the shirt is white
• then, if you do not sort the laundry, it may become another color

So стати is the right choice because the color changes.

This is a very common Ukrainian pattern for talking about color:

• білого кольору = white-colored / of white color
• червоного кольору = red-colored
• іншого кольору = of a different color

So стати іншого кольору literally means to become of another color.

Here:

• кольору is the genitive singular of колір
• іншого matches it in the genitive singular

For an English speaker, this may feel unusual, but it is a normal Ukrainian way to describe color.

Yes. Ukrainian word order is flexible, so you can also say:

Біла сорочка може стати іншого кольору, якщо не сортувати одяг.

The meaning stays the same. The version with Якщо... first puts more emphasis on the condition.

Ukrainian has no articles.

So біла сорочка can mean:

• a white shirt
• the white shirt

The exact meaning depends on context. In this sentence, English naturally uses a white shirt because the statement is general.