У мене болить повіка.

Because with pain and many physical states, Ukrainian often uses a construction that is closer to at me than I.

So:

• у мене = literally at me / with me
• болить = hurts
• повіка = eyelid

The idea is not I hurt eyelid, but at me, an eyelid hurts.

This pattern is very common in Ukrainian:

• У мене болить голова. = I have a headache / My head hurts.
• У мене болить спина. = My back hurts.
• У мене болять очі. = My eyes hurt.

So у мене is the normal, natural way to express my ... hurts.

Мене is in the genitive case.

That is because the preposition у / в requires a particular case here, and in this expression у мене means at me / with me.

So:

• я = I
• мене = me (genitive/accusative form, depending on context)

In this sentence, it is part of the fixed pattern у мене болить...

Because болить agrees with повіка, not with мене.

The verb боліти works like to hurt in English when the thing that hurts is the grammatical subject.

So here:

• повіка = subject
• болить = hurts for a third-person singular subject

That is why you get:

• повіка болить = the eyelid hurts

Compare:

• У мене болить повіка. = My eyelid hurts.
• У мене болять повіки. = My eyelids hurt.

Singular subject -> болить
Plural subject -> болять

Повіка is in the nominative singular.

It is the thing that is doing the hurting grammatically, so it acts as the subject of the sentence.

That may feel unusual to an English speaker, because English often thinks in terms of my eyelid hurts, where my eyelid is also the subject, but Ukrainian builds the whole sentence slightly differently with у мене added.

So the structure is basically:

• У мене = at me / with me
• повіка = eyelid (subject, nominative)
• болить = hurts

Because Ukrainian often does not use a possessive pronoun when possession is already obvious from context.

Since у мене already tells you whose eyelid it is, adding моя is usually unnecessary.

Natural:

• У мене болить повіка.

Possible, but less neutral:

• Моя повіка болить.

The second version is grammatical, but it sounds more marked or contrastive, as if you are emphasizing my eyelid specifically.

So in everyday speech, у мене болить повіка is the more typical way.

Yes. У мене and в мене both mean the same thing here.

Ukrainian often alternates у and в for ease of pronunciation and sound flow.

So both are natural:

• У мене болить повіка.
• В мене болить повіка.

You will hear both in real speech.

No, Ukrainian word order is fairly flexible.

The neutral order here is:

• У мене болить повіка.

But other orders are possible for emphasis:

• Повіка у мене болить.
• Болить у мене повіка.

These can sound more emphatic or stylistically marked depending on context.

For a learner, the safest default is:

• У мене болить повіка.

A helpful stress guide is:

• у менЕ болИть повІка

Approximate pronunciation:

• u me-NE bo-LYT po-VI-ka

Notes:

• г is not in this sentence, so no special issue there.
• и in болить is not the English ee sound; it is a central Ukrainian vowel.
• і in повіка sounds like ee in see.
• Final ть in болить is soft.

The dictionary form is боліти, meaning to hurt / to ache.

Some useful forms:

• боліти = to hurt
• болить = hurts (singular)
• болять = hurt (plural)

Examples:

• У мене болить зуб. = My tooth hurts.
• У мене болять зуби. = My teeth hurt.

Yes. Повіка is a feminine noun.

You can tell partly from the ending -а, which is very common for feminine nouns in Ukrainian.

So:

• singular nominative: повіка
• plural nominative: повіки

That matters for agreement in some contexts, though in this sentence the verb form is singular simply because the noun is singular.

You would use the plural:

• У мене болять повіки.

Breakdown:

• у мене = at me / my
• болять = hurt (plural)
• повіки = eyelids

So the main change is:

• singular: болить повіка
• plural: болять повіки

Yes, very commonly.

This is one of the main ways to talk about pain in Ukrainian.

Examples:

• У мене болить голова. = My head hurts.
• У мене болить рука. = My arm hurts.
• У мене болить живіт. = My stomach hurts.
• У мене болять ноги. = My legs hurt.

So У мене болить повіка follows a very common pattern.

As a literal grammar guide, yes, that helps show how the sentence is built.

A rough literal breakdown is:

• У мене = at me
• болить = hurts
• повіка = eyelid

But that is only useful for understanding the structure. The natural English meaning is:

• My eyelid hurts.

So the literal version is good for grammar learning, but not as a real translation.