Лікар оглянув печінку.

Because печінку is in the accusative case, which marks the direct object of the verb.

• Dictionary form: печінка = liver
• In the sentence, the liver is what the doctor examined, so it is the direct object.
• Feminine nouns ending in -а usually change to -у in the singular accusative.

So:

• печінка → nominative singular
• печінку → accusative singular

That is why Лікар оглянув печінку uses печінку, not печінка.

Because лікар is the subject of the sentence, so it stays in the nominative case.

In this sentence:

• лікар = the doctor = the one doing the action
• оглянув = examined
• печінку = the thing being examined

Many masculine nouns in Ukrainian do not change in the nominative singular, so лікар appears in its basic dictionary form here.

Оглянув is the past tense masculine singular form of the verb оглянути.

This tells you that:

• the action happened in the past
• the subject is grammatically masculine singular

So if the doctor is male, you use оглянув.

Compare:

• лікар оглянув = the male doctor examined
• лікарка оглянула = the female doctor examined

In Ukrainian past tense, the verb agrees with gender and number.

The dictionary form is оглянути.

This is the infinitive, meaning to examine / to inspect / to look over.

So the words break down like this:

• лікар = doctor
• оглянути = to examine
• печінка = liver

And in the sentence:

• оглянув = examined
• печінку = liver in the accusative

Ukrainian has no articles like English a/an and the.

So Лікар оглянув печінку can mean:

• The doctor examined the liver
• A doctor examined the liver
• sometimes even The doctor examined a liver, depending on context, though that would be less likely in normal real-world meaning

Context usually tells you which English article makes sense.

Because Ukrainian often omits pronouns when they are not needed.

Here, the noun лікар already tells you who did the action, so adding він would usually be unnecessary.

Also, the verb form оглянув already shows masculine singular, which helps confirm the subject.

So Ukrainian often sounds more natural without repeating pronouns.

Yes. Ukrainian word order is more flexible than English because case endings show grammatical roles.

The neutral order here is:

• Лікар оглянув печінку.

But you may also hear:

• Печінку оглянув лікар.
• Оглянув лікар печінку.

These alternatives can shift emphasis or style, but the cases still show:

• лікар = subject
• печінку = object

So the meaning remains basically the same.

This is a question of aspect, which is very important in Ukrainian.

• оглянув is perfective
• оглядав is imperfective

Оглянув presents the action as completed: the doctor examined the liver and finished doing so.

Оглядав presents the action more as a process, repeated action, or ongoing background action:

• Лікар оглядав печінку = The doctor was examining the liver / examined the liver repeatedly or in a descriptive sense

So in your sentence, оглянув emphasizes a completed examination.

You mainly learn this from the verb pair:

• оглядати = imperfective
• оглянути = perfective

Then the past tense forms are:

• оглядав = imperfective past
• оглянув = perfective past

This is something learners usually need to memorize as part of the verb’s vocabulary entry.

A careful pronunciation guide is roughly:

• Лікар = LEE-kar
• оглянув = oh-hlya-NOOV
• печінку = peh-CHEEN-koo

Approximate stress:

• лі́кар
• огляну́в
• печі́нку

A more connected pronunciation would sound something like:

LEE-kar oh-hlya-NOOV peh-CHEEN-koo

In Ukrainian, past tense forms are historically built in a way that makes them agree with gender and number.

So in the singular past tense, you get different endings:

• masculine: оглянув
• feminine: оглянула
• neuter: оглянуло

And plural:

• оглянули

This is why the verb gives you extra information that English past tense usually does not.

The usual modern form would be:

• Лікарка оглянула печінку.

Changes:

• лікар → лікарка for a female doctor
• оглянув → оглянула to match a feminine subject

The object stays the same:

• печінку

Grammatically, лікар is a masculine noun form. Traditionally it can refer to a doctor in general, especially when gender is unspecified, but grammatically it behaves as masculine.

If you specifically mean a female doctor, modern Ukrainian often uses:

• лікарка

So grammar and real-world gender can interact, but the form оглянув clearly matches a masculine subject.

• лікар is nominative singular
• печінку is accusative singular

This is one of the most basic sentence patterns in Ukrainian:

• subject in the nominative
• direct object in the accusative

So the structure is:

[Nominative subject] + [verb] + [Accusative object]

In this sentence, it is accusative singular. But the noun печінка can appear in other cases too.

For example:

• печінка = nominative
• печінки = genitive
• печінці = dative/locative
• печінку = accusative
• печінкою = instrumental

So the ending changes depending on the noun’s role in the sentence.

It is very close, but not always identical in every context.

Оглянути can mean:

• to examine
• to inspect
• to look over

In a medical context, оглянути печінку is naturally translated as examine the liver.

So examine is the best English choice here, but the Ukrainian verb has a slightly broader range depending on context.

Because Ukrainian often leaves information unspoken when grammar and context already make it clear.

In this sentence:

• no article is needed
• no subject pronoun is needed
• case endings show who did what
• the past verb form shows gender and number

So a short Ukrainian sentence can still carry a lot of grammatical information.

A useful way to memorize it is:

• лікар = doctor
• печінка → печінку = liver → accusative singular
• оглянути → оглянув = to examine → examined, masculine singular
• pattern: subject + past verb + accusative object

This sentence is a good model for learning:

• nominative subject
• accusative direct object
• past tense gender agreement
• perfective aspect