Annem gelince sofrayı kuracağız.

In Turkish, possession is often built directly into the noun.

• anne = mother
• annem = my mother

The -m at the end is the 1st person singular possessive ending.

So Turkish does not need a separate word like my here. You could say benim annem, but that usually adds emphasis, like my mother specifically.

Gelince comes from:

• gel- = come
• -ince / -ınca / -unca / -ünce = a suffix meaning when, once, or as soon as

So:

• gelince = when she/he/it comes, once she/he/it comes

This suffix is often called a converb or adverbial verb ending, because it connects one action to another.

Here it introduces the time clause:

• Annem gelince = when my mother comes

Because of vowel harmony.

The suffix changes its vowel depending on the previous vowel in the word:

• -ınca
• -ince
• -unca
• -ünce

The verb stem is gel-, and its vowel is e, a front vowel, so the correct form is:

• gelince

Not:

• gelınca ✗

No, gelince does not carry a separate future marker here.

Turkish often does this differently from English. In English we say:

• when my mother comes not
• when my mother will come

Turkish works similarly in this kind of clause. The time reference is understood from the whole sentence, especially from the main verb:

• kuracağız = we will set

So gelince is understood as future in context: when she comes / once she arrives.

Because it is a definite direct object.

• sofra = table / meal table
• sofrayı = the table as the object of the verb

In Turkish, a specific/definite direct object usually takes the accusative ending.

Here:

• sofra
  • -yı → sofrayı

The y is a buffer consonant, used because sofra ends in a vowel and the suffix also begins with a vowel.

So this is not a random extra sound; it helps pronunciation.

Not really. Although kurmak often means to set up, establish, or arrange, the expression sofra kurmak is a common phrase meaning:

• to set the table
• to lay the table

So in this sentence, sofrayı kuracağız means we’ll set the table, not physically construct a table.

It breaks down like this:

• kur- = set up / arrange
• -acak / -ecek = future tense
• -ız / -iz / -uz / -üz = we

So the underlying structure is roughly:

• kur-acak-ız = we will set up

In actual spelling and pronunciation, this becomes:

• kuracağız

The k softens to ğ before a vowel-initial ending in this form.

Because Turkish usually does not need subject pronouns when the verb already shows the person.

• kuracağız already means we will set

So biz is unnecessary unless you want emphasis:

• Biz sofrayı kuracağız = We will set the table
  (with extra emphasis on we)

This is very normal in Turkish.

Because Turkish is usually a verb-final language.

A very common word order is:

• Subject + other elements + verb

Here:

• Annem gelince = when my mother comes
• sofrayı = the table
• kuracağız = we will set

So the main verb naturally comes last.

This is one of the biggest differences from English.

Yes. Its exact feel depends on context.

Gelince can often be translated as:

• when
• once
• as soon as
• sometimes after in a natural English translation

In this sentence, all of these are close in meaning:

• When my mother comes, we’ll set the table.
• Once my mother arrives, we’ll set the table.
• As soon as my mother comes, we’ll set the table.

The Turkish form itself is flexible, and context decides the best English wording.

Yes, Turkish word order is flexible, though the basic meaning stays the same.

For example:

• Annem gelince sofrayı kuracağız.
• Sofrayı annem gelince kuracağız.

Both are possible, but they shift focus slightly.

The original sentence is very natural and neutral. It presents the time clause first, then the main action.

Yes, it functions as a subordinate time clause.

Turkish often uses special verb forms like gelince instead of a fully finite verb form. So instead of something more literal like when my mother comes, Turkish uses this compact structure:

• annem gelince

It is completely standard and very common in everyday Turkish.