Learn Hardcore Turkish: Kasiyer nakit aldı ve fişi verdi. - The cashier took the cash and gave the receipt.

fiş
- -(y)i → fişi = the/that receipt (definite object)
nakit appears bare here because it’s either an indefinite mass noun or functioning adverbially as in English in cash. Examples:
Kasiyer fişi verdi. = The cashier gave the receipt.
Kasiyer fiş verdi. = The cashier gave a receipt. (indefinite)
To make the cash definite, you’d usually say: parayı nakit olarak aldı or nakit parayı aldı (he took the cash money).

Where are the English articles “a” and “the”?

Turkish has no articles. Definiteness is often shown by:

Accusative on direct objects (e.g., fişi = the receipt).
Optionally using bir for “a/an” with indefinite nouns (e.g., Bir kasiyer... = A cashier...). A bare subject like Kasiyer is typically understood as the cashier (specific/known) from context.

How are aldı and verdi formed, and what tense/person are they?

They’re simple past, third person singular.

al- (take) + -dı (past; vowel harmony) → aldı
ver- (give) + -di (past; vowel harmony) → verdi Notes:
The past suffix appears as -dı/-di/-du/-dü according to vowel harmony.
After voiceless consonants, the initial d becomes t (e.g., git
- di → gitti).
3rd person singular has no extra personal ending beyond the tense suffix.

Why is the object placed before the verb? Could I say “Kasiyer verdi fişi”?

Neutral Turkish word order is Subject–Object–Verb (SOV): Kasiyer fişi verdi. You can move constituents for emphasis, so Kasiyer verdi fişi is possible but marked; it puts focus on fişi. The neutral, most common order keeps the verb last.

How do I pronounce the dotless ı in aldı and the ş in fişi?

ı (dotless i) is a close, back, unrounded vowel; think of the vowel in English roses (the second syllable) or a very quick, relaxed “uh.” So aldı ≈ “al-duh” (but with a short vowel).
ş is “sh,” so fişi ≈ “fee-shee.”
Dotted i is like English “ee.” Compare verdi (ver-dee) vs aldı (al-dı).

What exactly does nakit aldı mean here?

It means the cashier took/received/accepted cash (as payment). It does not mean “paid cash.” For the payer you’d say nakit ödedi (paid in cash).

Can I use -ıp to link the actions instead of ve?

Yes: Kasiyer nakit alıp fişi verdi. The converb -ıp/‐ip/‐up/‐üp often expresses a sequence (after doing X, [he] did Y) and avoids repeating the subject. It’s very natural here and slightly highlights the order: first took the cash, then gave the receipt.

Could I use ve de or just de instead of ve?

ve = and (neutral coordinator of clauses/verbs).
de (enclitic) = also/too; it emphasizes addition: Kasiyer nakit aldı, fişi de verdi. = The cashier took cash and also gave the receipt.
Don’t use ile to connect verbs; ile is for “with/and” mainly linking nouns.

Why isn’t there a pronoun like “he/she” (o)?

Turkish typically drops subject pronouns because the verb morphology (and/or context) shows person/number. With a clear noun subject (Kasiyer), adding o is unnecessary: O nakit aldı... would be redundant unless for emphasis or contrast.

Could fişi mean “his/her receipt” instead of “the receipt”?

Formally, fişi could be either:

Accusative of fiş (the receipt), or
3rd person possessive of fiş (his/her receipt) in nominative. Context disambiguates. To be explicit about possession in the object position, say onun fişini (his/her receipt, accusative): Onun fişini verdi.

How do I turn the sentence into a yes/no question or a negative?

Yes/no: attach mı/mi/mu/mü to each verb (or use one with a converb):
- Kasiyer nakit aldı mı, fişi verdi mi?
- Or: Kasiyer nakit alıp fişi verdi mi?
Negative:
- Kasiyer nakit almadı, fiş de vermedi.
- With simple “and”: Kasiyer nakit almadı ve fiş vermedi.

What’s the difference between fiş, fatura, and makbuz?

fiş: retail receipt (cash register slip), common in stores.
fatura: invoice/bill (itemized, often with tax ID info).
makbuz: official receipt (for payments/donations/services), more formal/legal.

Is nakit always a noun, or can it act like an adverb?

It can do both. As a noun: nakit = cash. Adverbially: nakit ≈ in cash, as in nakit ödedim (I paid cash). In this sentence, it’s adverbial/indefinite.

How would I say “A cashier took cash and gave the receipt”?

Add bir for an indefinite subject:

Bir kasiyer nakit aldı ve fişi verdi. If you also want an indefinite object:
Bir kasiyer nakit aldı ve fiş verdi. (a receipt)

If the subject is plural, how do the verbs change?

With a human plural subject, you typically add plural agreement on the verb (often on the last verb):

Kasiyerler nakit aldı ve fişi verdiler. You can also pluralize both verbs: aldılar ve verdiler (more emphatic).